INTERNACIONALES

There are a number of chapters in this volume which deal with the analysis of spoken corpora, so this issue will not be covered here in any detail. Other chapters in this volume discuss the implications of the unique nature of spoken discourse in terms of its implications for any type of spoken corpus analysis (see, for example, chapters by Evison, Vo and Carter, Rühlemann, this volume). The discourse level frameworks that may be of use for the analysis of spoken corpora are not necessarily compatible with the kind of concordance-based and frequency-driven analysis that is often used in large-scale lex- icography studies. One of the key differences between spoken and written corpora is that most spoken discourse is collaborative in nature and as such it is more fluid and marked by emerging and changing orientations of the participants (McCarthy 1998).

Yet it is important to identify external categories for grouping transcripts in a corpus, especially when we are concerned with analysing levels of formality and other functions which need to be judged against the wider context of the encounter. This is often more straightforward when dealing with written texts as many of the genres that tend to form the basis of large written corpora are readily recognised as belonging to a particular category, such as fiction versus non-fiction, letters versus e-mails, etc. The group mem- bership of such texts is more clearly demarcated than is the case with the majority of spoken discourse. The development of suitable frameworks for analysing spoken corpus data is thus particularly complex and further research is needed to explore and evaluate ways in which the analysis of concordance data and discourse phenomena can be fully integrated.

The development of techniques and tools to record, store and analyse naturally occurring interaction in spoken corpora has revolutionised the way in which we describe language and human interaction. Spoken corpora serve as an invaluable resource for the research of a large range of diverse communities and disciplines, including computer scientists, social scientists and researchers in the arts and humanities, policy makers and publishers. In order to be able to share resources across these diverse communities, it is important that spoken corpora are developed in a way that enables re-usability. This can be achieved through the use of guidelines and frameworks for recording, representing and replaying spoken discourse. In this chapter we have outlined some of the issues that surround these three stages of spoken corpus development and analysis. As advances in technology allow us to develop new kinds of spoken corpora, which include audio- visual data-streams, as well as a much richer description of contextual variables, it will become increasingly important to agree on conventions for recording and representing

this kind of data, and the associated metadata. Similarly, advances in voice-to-text soft- ware may ease the burden of transcription, but will also rely heavily on the ability to follow clearly articulated conventions for coding and transcribing communicative events. Adherence to agreed conventions of this kind, especially when developing new kinds of multi-modal and contextually enhanced spoken corpora, will significantly extend the scope of spoken corpus linguistics in the future.

Further reading

Adolphs, S. (2006) Introducing Electronic Text Analysis. London and New York: Routledge. (This book contains chapters on spoken corpus analysis and corpus pragmatics.)

Kress, G. and van Leeuwen, T. (2001) Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. London: Arnold. (This text provides an introduction to the notion of the‘multi- modal’ in linguistic research.)

McCarthy, M. (1998) Spoken Language and Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (This book covers a wide range of issues relating to the use of spoken corpora in the broad area of Applied Linguistics.)

Wynne, M. (ed.) (2005) Developing Linguistic Corpora: A Guide to Good Practice. Oxford: Oxbow Books. (This book provides a general overview of some of the key issues and challenges faced in the construction of corpora; from collection to analysis.)

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5

Building a written corpus