4.1.1 Apolipoprotein profile:
The serum Apolipoprotein A1, Apo A2, Apo B, Apo C2, Apo C3 and Apo E (g/l) levels showed significantes different amongst the groups at P <0.05 (F = 474.03; 52.13; 128.50;
9.80; 27.70 and 131.12) respectively. Pairwise comparisons showed that the serum Apo A1, Apo B, Apo C2and Apo C3 levels were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART compared to symptomatic HIV infected subjects who were not on ART (p<0.05, in each case). However, the serum Apo A2 and Apo E levels were significantly lower in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART compared to symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART (p<0.05, in each case). Similarly, the serum Apo A1 and Apo C2 levels were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART compared to asymptomatic HIV infected subjects (p<0.05, in each case). But, the serum Apo A2 was significantly lower in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART compared to symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART (p<0.05). However, the serum Apo B, Apo C3 and Apo E levels were not significantly different in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART compared to asymptomatic HIV infected subjects (p>0.05, respectively).
Pairwise comparisons showed that the serum Apo A1, Apo A2, Apo B, Apo C2 and Apo E levels were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART compared to HIV seronagative control subjects at p<0.05 respectively. But, no significant difference was observed in the serum level of Apo C3 in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART compared to HIV seronagative control subjects at p>0.05.
Again, pairwise comparisons showed that the serum Apo A2, Apo B, Apo C2 and Apo E levels were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared to asymptomatic HIV infected subjects at p<0.05 respectively. However, the serum Apo A1
99 and Apo C3 were significantly lower in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared to asymptomatic HIV infected subjects (p<0.05, in each case).
Similarly, the serum Apo A2, Apo B and Apo E levels were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared to HIV seronagative control subjects at p<0.05 respectively. But, the serum Apo A1 and Apo C3 levels were significantly lower in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared to HIV seronegative control subjects at p<0.05 respectively. However, the serum Apo C2 was the same in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared to HIV seronegative control subjects at P>0.05.
Again, the serum Apo A2, Apo B and Apo E levels were significantly higher in asymptomatic HIV infected subjects compared to HIV seronegative control subjects (p<0.05, in each case).
But, the serum Apo A1 and Apo C2 levels were significantly lower in asymptomatic HIV infected subjects compared to HIV seronegative control subjects (p<0.05, in each case).
However, the serum Apo C3 was the same in asymptomatic HIV infected subjects compared to HIV seronegative control subjects (P>0.05).
4.1.2 Lipid profile:
The serum total Cholesterol, LDL, HDL and Triglyceride (mmol/l) levels showed significant differenes amongst the groups at P< 0.05 (F = 107.10; 400.03; 272.4 and 911.00) respectively. Pairwise comparisons showed that the serum total Cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART compared to symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART at p<0.05 respectively. However, a lower serum level of Triglyceride was seen in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared to symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART (p<0.05).
Also, pairwise comparison showed that the serum total Cholesterol, LDL and Triglyceride levels were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART compared to asymptomatic HIV infected subjects at p<0.05, in each case. But a lower serum level of HDL was observed in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared to symptomatic
100 HIV infected subjects on ART (p<0.05). Similarly, the serum total Cholesterol, LDL and Triglyceride levels were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART compared to asymptomatic HIV control subjects at p<0.05 respectively. But, a lower serum level of HDL was seen in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART compared to asymptomatic HIV control subjects at p<0.05.
Pairwise comparisons showed that the serum total Cholesterol, LDL, HDL and Triglyceride levels were significantly lower in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared to asymptomatic HIV infected subjects (p<0.05, in each case). Again, pairwise comparisons showed that the serum total Cholesterol and HDL levels were significantly lower in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared to HIV seronegative control subjects at p<0.05 respectively. But a significantly higher serum levels of LDL and Triglyceride were seen in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared to HIV seronegative control subjects (p<0.05, in each case). Pairwise comparisons showed that the serum total Cholesterol, HDL and Triglyceride levels were significantly lower in asymptomatic HIV infected subjects compared to HIV seronegative control subjects at p<0.05 respectively. But a significantly higher serum level of LDL was seen in asymptomatic HIV infected subjects compared to HIV seronegative control subjects at p<0.05 (See table 4.1).
101 Table 4.1: Comparison of mean ± SD serum levels of Apolipoprotein and Lipid profiles in symptomatic HIV infected subjects
on ART (A), symptomatic HIV without ART (B), Asymptomatic HIV subjects (C) and control group (D).
Group( n=100)
Apo A-1(g/L)
Apo A-1
1(g/L) Apo B(g/L)
Apo C-11(g/L)
Apo C-111 (g/L)
Apo E (g/L)
T Chol (mmol/L)
LDL (mmol/L)
HDL
(mmol/L) TG (mmol/L) TG (mmol/L) CD4 (/mL) Symptomatic
HIV on ART (A) 1.08 ± 0.24 0.30 ± 0.11 1.47 ± 0.69 0.06 ±0.05
0.03 ± 0.02
0.10 ±
0.06 5.72±0.43 3.71±0.21 1.12±0.21 1.75±0.04 1.75±0.04 619.58 ± 392.74
Symptomatic HIV without
ART (B) 0.35 ± 0.20 0.55 ± 0.34 2.84 ± 0.89 0.05 ± 0.02
0.01 ± 0.01
0.24 ±
0.11 3.51±0.22 1.75±0.06 0.91±0.06 0.79±0.04 0.79±0.04 374.78 ± 121.59
Asymptomatic
HIV(C) 0.60 ± 0.23 0.44 ± 0.13 1.50 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01
0.03 ± 0.01
0.11 ±
0.07 4.27±0.15 2.76±0.07 1.20±0.03 1.35 ±0.04 1.35±0.04 437.20 ±129.75
Control (D) 1.26 ± 0.06 0.24 ± 0.09 0.68 ± 0.29 0.05 ± 0.02
0.03 ± 0.02
0.05 ±
0.01 4.62±0.24 2.34±0.13 1.37±0.06 1.44 ± 0.05 1.44±0.05 940.64 ± 148.85
F-value p-value
474.03
<0.05
52.13
<0.05
128.50
<0.05
9.80 <0.05
27.70
<0.05
131.12
<0.05
107.10
<0.05
400.03
<0.05
272.40 912.00
<0.05 <0.05 912.00 (.000) 123.10 (.000)
A v B <0.05 <0.05 >0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
A v C <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 >0.05 >0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 >0.05
A v D <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 >0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
B v C <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
B v D <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 >0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
C v D <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 >0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
102 4.2 Apolipoprotein and Lipid profiles in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART, in symptomatic HIV infected subjects without ART, in Asymptomatic HIV infected subjects and Control subjects with malaria parasitaemia and without malaria parasitaemia in all groups.
4.2.1 Apolipoprotein and Lipid profiles in Symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART with malaria parasitaemia and without malaria parasitaemia:
Pairewise comparisons showed that the serum Apo C3 was significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART with malaria parasitaemia compared to symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART without malaria parasitaemia at p<0.05. But, the mean serum Apo E and HDL levels were significantly lower in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART with malaria parasitaemia compared to symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART without malaria parasitaemia at p<0.05. However, the serum Apo A1, Apo A2, Apo B, Apo C2, T Chol, LDL and TG values were the same in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART with malaria parasitaemia compared to symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART without malaria parasitaemia (p>0.05 respectively).
4.2.2 Apolipoprotein and Lipid profiles in Symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART with malaria parasitaemia and without malaria parasitaemia:
Pairewise comparisons showed that the serum levels of Apo E and TG were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects without ART with malaria infection compared to symptomatic HIV infected subjects without ART without malaria infection at p<0.05 respectively. But, the serum levels of Apo C2 and HDL were significantly lower in symptomatic HIV infected subjects without ART with malaria infection compared to symptomatic HIV infected subjects without ART without malaria infection at p<0.05 respectively. However, the values of serum Apo1, Apo A2, Apo B, Apo C3, T Chol and LDL were the same in symptomatic HIV infected subjects without ART with malaria infection compared to symptomatic HIV infected subjects without ART without malaria infection at p>0.05 respectively.
103 4.2.3 Apolipoprotein and Lipid profiles in Aymptomatic HIV infected subjects with malaria parasitaemia and without malaria parasitaemia:
Pairewise comparisons showed that the serum Apo E was significantly higher in asymptomatic HIV infected subjects with malaria parasitaemia compared to asymptomatic HIV infected subjects without malaria parasitaemiaat p<0.05. However, the serum Apo A1, Apo A2, Apo B, Apo C2, Apo C3, T Chol, HDL, LDL and TG values were the same in asymptomatic HIV infected subjects with malaria parasitaemia compared to asymptomatic HIV infected subjects without malaria parasitaemia (p>0.05 respectively).
4.2.4 Apolipoprotein and Lipid profiles in Control subjects with malaria parasitaemia and without malaria parasitaemia:
Pairewise comparisons showed that the serum level of LDL was significantly lower in control subjects with malaria infection compared to control subjects without malaria infection at p<0.05. However, the values of serum Apo1, Apo A2, Apo B, Apo C2, Apo C3, T Chol, HDL and TG were the same in control subjects with malaria infection compared to control subjects without malaria infection at p>0.05 respectively (see table 4.2).
4.3 cardiac markers in Symptomatic HIV infected subjects on ART, Symptomatic HIV