III. METODOLOGÍA
3.3. Población, muestra, muestreo, unidad de análisis
1. Automatic pressure water spraying
systems (sprinkler systems)
1.1 Pressure water tanks
1.1.1 Pressure water tanks are to be fitted with a safety valve, connected to the water space of the tank without means of isolating, with a water level indi- cator that can be shut off and is protected against damage, and with a pressure gauge. The requirements specified in Section 8, Pressure Vessels, are also applicable.
1.1.2 The volume of the pressure water tank shall be equivalent to at least twice the specified pump capacity per minute.
The tank shall contain a standing charge of fresh water equivalent to at least the specified pump capacity per one minute.
The tank is to be fitted with a connection to enable the entire system to be refilled with fresh water.
1.1.3 Means are to be provided for replenishing the air cushion in the pressure water tank.
1.2 Pressure water spraying pump
1.2.1 The pressure water spraying pump may only be used for supplying water to the pressure water spraying system.
In the event of a pressure drop in the system, the pump shall start up automatically before the fresh water charge in the pressure water tank has been exhausted. Suitable means of testing are to be provided.
1.2.2 The capacity of the pump shall be sufficient to cover an area of at least 280 m2 at the pressure
required for the spray nozzles. At a rate of application of at least 5 l/m² min, this is equivalent to a minimum delivery rate of 1400 l/min.
1.2.3 The pump is to be equipped with a direct sea suction. The shutoff device is to be secured in the open position. On the discharge side, the pump is to be fitted with a test valve and pipe connection whose cross-section corresponds to the capacity of the pump at the prescribed pressure.
1.3 Location
Pressure water tanks and pumps are to be located outside and a sufficient distance away from the spaces to be protected, from boiler rooms and from spaces containing oil treatment plant or internal combustion
engines.
The pressure water tank is to be installed in a frost- proof space.
1.4 Water supply
1.4.1 The system shall be completely charged with fresh water when not in operation.
In addition to the water supply as per 1.2 the system is also to be connected to the fire main via a screw- down non-return valve.
1.4.2 The system must be kept permanently under pressure and must be ready at all times for immediate, automatic operation. With the test valve at the alarm valve in the fully open position, the pressure at the level of the highest spray nozzles shall still be at least 1,75 bar.
1.5 Power supply
At least two mutually independent power sources shall be provided for supplying the pump and the automatic indicating and alarm systems. Each source shall be sufficient to power the system (Rules for Electrical Installations, Volume IV, Section 7)
1.6 Piping, valves and fittings
1.6.1 Lines between sea chest, pump, water tank, shore connection and alarm valve are to comply with the dimensional requirements set out in Section 11, Table 11.4. Lines shall be effectively protected against corrosion.
1.6.2 Check valves are to be fitted to ensure that sea-water cannot penetrate into the pressure water tank nor fresh water be discharged into the sea through pump suction lines.
1.6.3 International shore connections (cf. E.2.1.1) are to be provided at suitable points on the port and starboard sides for supplying the equipment with water from the shore. The connecting valves are to be secured against being opened unintentionally.
1.6.4 Each line leading to a section of the system is to be equipped with an alarm valve with pressure gauge. See also 1.8.
Shutoff devices between the pump discharge and the alarm valves are to be secured in the open position. Each alarm valve is to be fitted with a test valve corresponding to the capacity of one sprinkler.
1.6.5 Each alarm valve is to be fitted with a test valve corresponding to the capacity of one sprinkler.
1.7 Sprinklers
1.7.1 The sprinklers are to be grouped into sections. Each section may not comprise more than 200 sprinklers.
1.7.2 On passengers ships, a sprinkler section may extend only over one main fire extinguishing section
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Pressure water spraying systems deviating from these Rules may be used if approved as equivalent by BKI. See also IMO-Resolution A 19/Res.800, " Revised Guidelines for Approval of Sprinkler Systems Equivalent to that Referred to in Regulation II-2/12 of SOLAS 74.
or one watertight compartment and may not include more than two vertically adjacent decks.
1.7.3 The sprinklers are to be so arranged in the upper deck area that a water volume of not less than 5 l/m2 . min is sprayed over the area to be protected.
Inside accommodation and service spaces the sprinklers shall be activated within a temperature range from 68 C to 79 C. This does not apply to spaces such as drying rooms with higher temperatures. Here the triggering temperature may be up to 30 C above the maximum temperature in the deck head area.
1.7.4 The sprinklers are to be made of corrosion- resistant material. Sprinklers of galvanized steel are not allowed.
1.7.5 An adequate number of spare sprinklers is to be carried on board.
1.8 Indicating and alarm systems
1.8.1 Each sprinkler section is to be equipped with an alarm valve which, when a sprinkler is activated, actuates a visual and audible alarm at the fire control station. See Rules For Electrical Installations, Volume IV Section 9. A pressure gauge is also to be provided for each sprinkler section.
The electrical equipment must be self-monitoring and each section must be capable of being tested individually (see Rules for Electrical Installation IV, Section 9).
1.8.2 On passenger ships, the area in which a sprinkler has been released is to be indicated at the main fire control station or in the wheel house. Separate indication is to be provided for at least each side (pt. and stb.) of each deck. In very small areas the indication of the ship’s side may be dispensed with upon agreement with BKI.
1.8.3 On cargo ships, the sprinkler section within which a sprinkler has been released is to be indicated at the fire control station or in the wheel house. In addition, a collective visual and audible alarm is to be installed in the area of the engineers' accommodations
2. Manually operated pressure water
spraying systems
2.1 Pressure water spraying systems for machinery spaces
2.1.1 Spray nozzles are to be located above bilges, tank decks and all areas over which oil may spread. The number and arrangement of the nozzles shall be such as to ensure uniform distribution of the water over the area to be protected at a rate of at least 5 l/m2 . min.
2.1.2 The spraying system may be subdivided into sections. The release valves are to be located outside the spaces to be protected at positions which remain
accessible even after the outbreak of fire.
2.1.3 The pump for supplying the pressure water spraying system and its power source are to be located outside the spaces to be protected. The pump must at least be capable of supplying simultaneously all the spray nozzles in the largest enclosed space with an adequate quantity of water at the necessary pressure.
2.1.4 The system is to be maintained at the nec- essary pressure. In the event of a pressure drop, the pump shall start up automatically.
2.1.5 The pump is to be fitted with a direct sea suction. The shutoff device in this line is to be secured in the open position.
2.1.6 In the choice of materials, special attention is to be given to corrosion-resistance.
2.2 Pressure water spraying systems for exhaust gas fired thermal oil heaters 2.2.1 The flow rate of the water spraying system is to be at least 2.5 l/min per m2 of heating surface.
The use of fresh water is preferred. An adequate water supply for at least 20 minutes is to be ensured.
2.2.2 The required volume of water is to be distributed over the heated surfaces by means of suitable nozzles. A pipe and nozzle system intended for cleaning purposes may be incorporated into the water spraying system.
2.2.3 The nozzles may be installed below the heated surfaces instead. A prerequisite for his arrangement is that in the event of a fire in the exhaust gas fired thermal oil heater, the engine is kept running at reduced load and the exhaust gas continues to flow over the heated surfaces.
2.2.4 The piping system for water supply and distribution must be a fixed installation.
To protect against uncontrolled water leaks in the exhaust gas fired heater, the supply line is to be fitted with two shutoff valves with a drain valve between them.
2.2.5 An effective water trap which may drain into the engine room bilge or a suitable tank is to be installed in the exhaust gas line beneath the exhaust gas fired heater. Suitable measures are to be taken to prevent leakage of exhaust gases.
2.2.6 All valves and pump starters required for operation of the water spraying system are to be installed for easy access in one place if possible at a safe distance from the exhaust gas fired heater. Concise operating instructions are to be permanently displayed at the operating position.
2.3 Pressure water spraying systems for special category spaces and ro/ro cargo
spaces
2.3.1 Only approved full-bore nozzles are to be used
2.3.2 The nozzles are to be arranged in such a way that effective, uniform distribution of the water at 3.5 l/m2 . min where the deck height is less than
2.5 m and 5 l/m2 . min where the deck height is 2.5 m
or more is ensured.
2.3.3 The system may be divided into sections. Each section shall be not less than 20 m in length and extend across the full width of the vehicle deck, except in areas which are divided longitudinally by "Type A" partitions (e.g. machinery, ventilation or stairway shafts).
2.3.4 The distribution valves are to be installed adjacent to the space to be protected. There must be direct access from the vehicle deck and from outside. The room where the distribution valves are located must be adequately ventilated.
2.3.5 One or more separate pumps are to be provided, the capacity of which must be sufficient to supply the two largest adjoining sections with water simultaneously.
In addition, a connection from the fire main is to be provided. Reverse flow from the water spraying system into the fire main is to be prevented by means of a screw-down non-return valve. The valve is to be secured in closed position with a lock.
2.3.6 The water spraying pump must be capable of being started from the distribution valve group. All the shutoff valves located between the seawater inlet and the distribution valves must be capable of being opened from the distribution valve group, unless they are secured in the open position.
Measures are to be taken to ensure that the water which may collect as a result of the operation of the water spraying system can be completely drained away or pumped out.
2.4 Pressure water spraying systems for the cargo area of tankers
These are subject to the Rules for Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, Volume IX, Section 11.3
M. Fire Extinguishing Systems for Paint