In the following section, path diagrams for each model computed is presented. Manifest variables (observed or measured) are represented in rectangular boxes; latent Variables (psychological constructs) are represented in elliptic boxes and estimated variances of questionnaire items are represented by the error terms in circled boxes. Arrows linking latent constructs to questionnaire items indicates that a CFA was computed whereas
all other arrows indicates a regre
continuous or logistic if the dependent variable is ordinal.
Norm
The
a linear model, as proposed by Ste Norm-Activation
personal moral (PN) norms, which are activated once individuals expect a negative outcome to a given situatio
they believe that their action may have a role in reducing this threat (ascription of responsibility [AR]).
Thus, 4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load latent variables. These factors will be regressed in sequence: PA on AC, AC on AR, AR on PN and finally PN our three measure
positive and with a medium
T
The representation of represented in figure 9
all other arrows indicates a regre
continuous or logistic if the dependent variable is ordinal.
Norm-Activation Theory
The path diagram of the a linear model, as proposed by Ste
Activation Theory
personal moral (PN) norms, which are activated once individuals expect a negative outcome to a given situatio
they believe that their action may have a role in reducing this threat (ascription of responsibility [AR]).
Thus, 4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load latent variables. These factors will be regressed in sequence: PA on AC, AC on AR, AR on PN and finally PN our three measure
positive and with a medium
Theory of P
The representation of ented in figure 9
all other arrows indicates a regre
continuous or logistic if the dependent variable is ordinal.
Activation Theory
path diagram of the a linear model, as proposed by Ste
Theory states that that pro
personal moral (PN) norms, which are activated once individuals expect a negative outcome to a given situation (problem awareness [PA] and adverse consequences [AC]) and when they believe that their action may have a role in reducing this threat (ascription of responsibility [AR]).
Thus, 4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load latent variables. These factors will be regressed in sequence: PA on AC, AC on AR, AR on PN and finally PN our three measures of observed behaviours. We expect all regression coefficient to be positive and with a medium-to high size effect.
Planned Behaviour
The representation of
ented in figure 9. In our model, we replaced the specific attitude construct with the all other arrows indicates a regression that may be linear if the dependent variable is continuous or logistic if the dependent variable is ordinal.
Activation Theory
path diagram of the Norm-Activation
a linear model, as proposed by Steg and DeGroot (2010). As explained in section states that that pro
personal moral (PN) norms, which are activated once individuals expect a negative outcome n (problem awareness [PA] and adverse consequences [AC]) and when they believe that their action may have a role in reducing this threat (ascription of
Figure 8: Path diagram of the NAT
Thus, 4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load latent variables. These factors will be regressed in sequence: PA on AC, AC on AR, AR on PN and finally PN
of observed behaviours. We expect all regression coefficient to be to high size effect.
ehaviour
The representation of the path diagram for
In our model, we replaced the specific attitude construct with the ssion that may be linear if the dependent variable is continuous or logistic if the dependent variable is ordinal.
Activation Theory
g and DeGroot (2010). As explained in section
states that that pro-social behaviour depends on the activation of personal moral (PN) norms, which are activated once individuals expect a negative outcome n (problem awareness [PA] and adverse consequences [AC]) and when they believe that their action may have a role in reducing this threat (ascription of
: Path diagram of the NAT
Thus, 4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load latent variables. These factors will be regressed in sequence: PA on AC, AC on AR, AR on PN and finally PN
of observed behaviours. We expect all regression coefficient to be to high size effect.
the path diagram for
In our model, we replaced the specific attitude construct with the ssion that may be linear if the dependent variable is continuous or logistic if the dependent variable is ordinal.
Theory is represented in figure 8 g and DeGroot (2010). As explained in section
social behaviour depends on the activation of personal moral (PN) norms, which are activated once individuals expect a negative outcome n (problem awareness [PA] and adverse consequences [AC]) and when they believe that their action may have a role in reducing this threat (ascription of
: Path diagram of the NAT
Thus, 4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load latent variables. These factors will be regressed in sequence: PA on AC, AC on AR, AR on PN and finally PN
of observed behaviours. We expect all regression coefficient to be
the Theory of Planned Behaviour
In our model, we replaced the specific attitude construct with the
PA: Problem Awareness AC: Adverse Consequences AR:
PN:
ssion that may be linear if the dependent variable is
is represented in figure 8 g and DeGroot (2010). As explained in section
social behaviour depends on the activation of personal moral (PN) norms, which are activated once individuals expect a negative outcome n (problem awareness [PA] and adverse consequences [AC]) and when they believe that their action may have a role in reducing this threat (ascription of
Thus, 4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load latent variables. These factors will be regressed in sequence: PA on AC, AC on AR, AR on PN and finally PN
of observed behaviours. We expect all regression coefficient to be
the Theory of Planned Behaviour
In our model, we replaced the specific attitude construct with the
Problem Awareness Adverse Consequences Ascription of Responsibility Personal Norms
ssion that may be linear if the dependent variable is
is represented in figure 8. We chose g and DeGroot (2010). As explained in section 1.2.1
social behaviour depends on the activation of personal moral (PN) norms, which are activated once individuals expect a negative outcome n (problem awareness [PA] and adverse consequences [AC]) and when they believe that their action may have a role in reducing this threat (ascription of
Thus, 4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load latent variables. These factors will be regressed in sequence: PA on AC, AC on AR, AR on PN and finally PN
of observed behaviours. We expect all regression coefficient to be
the Theory of Planned Behaviour
In our model, we replaced the specific attitude construct with the
Problem Awareness Adverse Consequences Ascription of Responsibility Personal Norms
59 ssion that may be linear if the dependent variable is
. We chose 1.2.1, the social behaviour depends on the activation of personal moral (PN) norms, which are activated once individuals expect a negative outcome n (problem awareness [PA] and adverse consequences [AC]) and when they believe that their action may have a role in reducing this threat (ascription of
Thus, 4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load latent variables. These factors will be regressed in sequence: PA on AC, AC on AR, AR on PN and finally PN on of observed behaviours. We expect all regression coefficient to be
the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is In our model, we replaced the specific attitude construct with the
60
general attitude toward environment as measured by the GEB
the principle of compatibility of Ajzen (1985). Moreover, we regressed our latent directly on behaviour, without considering the role of Intention: as
the attitude in Campbell’s sense links directly attitude and behaviour, as, in practice within the Rasch Model, attitude itself is derived from a set of
our model postulates that travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control, the general attitude toward the environment (ATT) and subjective norms (SN).
Three variables (PBCp variable (ATT). All We expect all regres
T
The figure 10
second order latent variable
observed travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control (PBCpt and PBCb), the Affect toward car
(SF). Also, we did not include habits as a predictor of th
habitual routine, even if it correlates well with actual behaviour, does understanding
ATT: Attitude SN: Subjective
PBCpt: Perceived Behavioural Control
Public Transport
PBCb: Perceived Behavioural Control
Bycicle
60
general attitude toward environment as measured by the GEB
the principle of compatibility of Ajzen (1985). Moreover, we regressed our latent directly on behaviour, without considering the role of Intention: as
the attitude in Campbell’s sense links directly attitude and behaviour, as, in practice within the Rasch Model, attitude itself is derived from a set of
our model postulates that travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control, the general attitude toward the environment (ATT) and subjective norms (SN).
Three Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load
variables (PBCpt, PBCb and SN). The Rasch Measure of attitude will serve as the fourth variable (ATT). All
We expect all regres
Theory of I
The path diagram
figure 10. In our model, Personal Norms and Subjective Norms are both used to produce second order latent variable
observed travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control (PBCpt and PBCb), the Affect toward car
Also, we did not include habits as a predictor of th
habitual routine, even if it correlates well with actual behaviour, does understanding of psychological drivers of behaviours
ttitude Subjective Norms
Perceived Behavioural Control Public Transport
Perceived Behavioural Control
general attitude toward environment as measured by the GEB
the principle of compatibility of Ajzen (1985). Moreover, we regressed our latent directly on behaviour, without considering the role of Intention: as
the attitude in Campbell’s sense links directly attitude and behaviour, as, in practice within the Rasch Model, attitude itself is derived from a set of
our model postulates that travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control, the general attitude toward the environment (ATT) and subjective norms (SN).
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load
t, PBCb and SN). The Rasch Measure of attitude will serve as the fourth factors will be regressed in our three measure
We expect all regression coefficients
Interpersonal
path diagram of the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour
. In our model, Personal Norms and Subjective Norms are both used to produce second order latent variable, namely Personal Factors (PF).
observed travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control (PBCpt and PBCb), the Affect toward car
Also, we did not include habits as a predictor of th
habitual routine, even if it correlates well with actual behaviour, does psychological drivers of behaviours
Perceived Behavioural Control Perceived Behavioural Control
general attitude toward environment as measured by the GEB
the principle of compatibility of Ajzen (1985). Moreover, we regressed our latent directly on behaviour, without considering the role of Intention: as
the attitude in Campbell’s sense links directly attitude and behaviour, as, in practice within the Rasch Model, attitude itself is derived from a set of
our model postulates that travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control, the general attitude toward the environment (ATT) and
Figure 9: Path diagram of the TPB
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load
t, PBCb and SN). The Rasch Measure of attitude will serve as the fourth factors will be regressed in our three measure
coefficients to be positive.
personal Behaviour
of the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour
. In our model, Personal Norms and Subjective Norms are both used to produce , namely Personal Factors (PF).
observed travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control (PBCpt and PBCb), the Affect toward car
Also, we did not include habits as a predictor of th
habitual routine, even if it correlates well with actual behaviour, does psychological drivers of behaviours
Perceived Behavioural Control Perceived Behavioural Control
general attitude toward environment as measured by the GEB
the principle of compatibility of Ajzen (1985). Moreover, we regressed our latent directly on behaviour, without considering the role of Intention: as
the attitude in Campbell’s sense links directly attitude and behaviour, as, in practice within the Rasch Model, attitude itself is derived from a set of
our model postulates that travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control, the general attitude toward the environment (ATT) and
: Path diagram of the TPB
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load
t, PBCb and SN). The Rasch Measure of attitude will serve as the fourth factors will be regressed in our three measure
to be positive.
ehaviour
of the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour
. In our model, Personal Norms and Subjective Norms are both used to produce , namely Personal Factors (PF).
observed travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control (PBCpt and PBCb), the Affect toward car
Also, we did not include habits as a predictor of th
habitual routine, even if it correlates well with actual behaviour, does psychological drivers of behaviours
general attitude toward environment as measured by the GEB
the principle of compatibility of Ajzen (1985). Moreover, we regressed our latent directly on behaviour, without considering the role of Intention: as
the attitude in Campbell’s sense links directly attitude and behaviour, as, in practice within the Rasch Model, attitude itself is derived from a set of transitively ordered behaviours. our model postulates that travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control, the general attitude toward the environment (ATT) and
: Path diagram of the TPB
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load
t, PBCb and SN). The Rasch Measure of attitude will serve as the fourth factors will be regressed in our three measure
of the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour
. In our model, Personal Norms and Subjective Norms are both used to produce , namely Personal Factors (PF). So, thi
observed travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control (PBCpt and PBCb), the Affect toward car
Also, we did not include habits as a predictor of the behaviour habitual routine, even if it correlates well with actual behaviour, does
psychological drivers of behaviours (cf. section
general attitude toward environment as measured by the GEB (section
the principle of compatibility of Ajzen (1985). Moreover, we regressed our latent directly on behaviour, without considering the role of Intention: as explained in
the attitude in Campbell’s sense links directly attitude and behaviour, as, in practice within transitively ordered behaviours. our model postulates that travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control, the general attitude toward the environment (ATT) and
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load
t, PBCb and SN). The Rasch Measure of attitude will serve as the fourth factors will be regressed in our three measures of observed behaviours.
of the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour (TIB) is represented in . In our model, Personal Norms and Subjective Norms are both used to produce
So, this model postulates that observed travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control (PBCpt and PBCb), the Affect toward car-use (AFF) and social factors e behaviour as, in our opinion, habitual routine, even if it correlates well with actual behaviour, does
section 1.3.2).
ection 2.3), thus violating the principle of compatibility of Ajzen (1985). Moreover, we regressed our latent variables explained in Chapter 1 the attitude in Campbell’s sense links directly attitude and behaviour, as, in practice within
transitively ordered behaviours. our model postulates that travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control, the general attitude toward the environment (ATT) and
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load three
t, PBCb and SN). The Rasch Measure of attitude will serve as the fourth of observed behaviours.
(TIB) is represented in . In our model, Personal Norms and Subjective Norms are both used to produce
s model postulates that observed travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived use (AFF) and social factors as, in our opinion, not help us in our , thus violating variables Chapter 1: the attitude in Campbell’s sense links directly attitude and behaviour, as, in practice within transitively ordered behaviours. So, our model postulates that travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived Behavioural Control, the general attitude toward the environment (ATT) and
three latent t, PBCb and SN). The Rasch Measure of attitude will serve as the fourth of observed behaviours.
(TIB) is represented in . In our model, Personal Norms and Subjective Norms are both used to produce a s model postulates that observed travel behaviour (ModBin, ModTrin and SusMobInd) is driven by the Perceived use (AFF) and social factors as, in our opinion, t help us in our
61
Figure 10: Path diagram for the TIB
Five Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be performed to load five latent variables (PBCpt, PBCb, SN and PN). Affect toward car-use will be assessed thanks to the measure on item (AFF1) “I like travelling by car”. A sixth factor analysis will allow the construction of a second order latent variable (SF). All factors will be regressed in on our three measures of observed behaviours. We expect all regression coefficients to be positive except for the affect toward car-use, which should have a negative coefficient.
Composite model
We decided to create a model that would take into considerations the general attitude toward the environment, the affect toward car-use, the perceived accessibility and transport-related values as factors to understand travel behaviour. Attitude and affect are known to have an influence on travel behaviour (Chapter 1), perceived accessibility will allow us to control for external constraints and, finally, although theoretical values are important in decision making, a specific construct of transport related values has, as far as we know, never been integrated in a psycho-social model aiming at explaining travel behaviour.
The model will be built step by step, in order to measure the additional variance explained at each step. The general path diagram of the model is presented in Figure 11. The first step will introduce the Perceived Accessibility (PAC), the general attitude toward the environment (ATT) and the Affect toward car-use (AFF) as explaining factors of behaviour.
PBCpt: Perceived Behavioural Control Public Transport PBCb: Perceived Behavioural Control Bycicle
AFF: Affect
SN: Subjective Norms PN: Personal Norms SF: Social Factors
62
The second step will introduce a variable of the participants’ home localisation (Home), which, as we hypothesized, should be mediated by PAC. Indeed, the home localisation (Urban, SubUrban or rural) should explain a major part of PAC. In figure 11, direct paths are represented with thicker arrows and mediation paths with thinner arrows. The third step will test the mediation of AFF by ATT: indeed, although someone may like to drive cars, his/her attitude toward environment may act as a mediator factor that could limit him/her in car- use. Finally, the fourth and final step will introduce transport related values, namely Utilitarian (U) and Convenience (C), and hypotheses about their mediation by PAC and ATT. We hypothesize that the convenience value (C) is mediated by ATT because we think that values are more stable, influencing a wide spectrum of behaviours and should be reflected on general attitude toward the environment as measured by the GEB. Finally, we suggest that both transport-related (U and C) are mediated by perceived accessibility (PAC): although one may have preferences, his/her perceived available options, which we think are reflected by PAC, may act as a refraining factor of mode choice purely-led by values.
So, the final model postulates that home localisation, perceived accessibility, general attitude toward the environment, affect toward car-use, and transport related values all have an influence on travel behaviour. Morover, it postulates that: a) home localisation is