l)efiniciones y metodología

Play is a one of the distinctive features of early childhood and is a fundamental human right for all children regardless of age, gender, culture, social class or disability(General comment 7, para 34 ; UNCRC, Art.31). Through play, children both enjoy and challenge their current capabilities, whether they are playing alone or with others. The value of creative play and exploratory learning is widely recognized in early childhood education. The results from my study revealed that free play really matters to children. Armitage (2004) asserts that children value times spent away from adults and actively seek places that can offer this. He argued that more resources should be allocated to children’s free play, but they are instead channeled towards more supervised forms of activities (as cited in Gleave & Cole-Hamilton, 2012). This section will look at various events and scenarios that indicated how free play matters to children. It will also present the children’s views on these events and scenarios since their views are paramount in this research.

5.6.1 Break time – short period but full of excitement

I was curious to know if children really enjoy their rights to “free time” of play and to find out the needed resources at their disposal to enjoy this right. I realized that the school timetable has only 30 minutes of free play for the children and the rest of the hours are almost full with classroom work. As noted by Giddens (1984), children live within these structures and are affected by the structural conditions. The children are aware of the limited time for break and are always eager to move out even before the bell rings. Some of the children approached me prior to break time and asked; please when will break time come because I want to play? (Field note, July, 2011) I realized they feel bored with the classroom activities and can’t wait to move out to play. Though some of these classroom activities are playful in nature, the children still watch out eagerly for break where they will be on their own. I asked these children; why break time to play because you just played (after singing an action song) in the classroom? Richmond, a 7 years old boy said;

Break time you play the way you like with your friends but in the class you cannot play with your friend because teacher Felicia is there.

This statement means children want to be on their own, choose the game they want to play and the friends to play these games with. Oksnes (2008) on this note described play as being

“instrumentalised” in the sense that it is viewed as a means of learning instead of sometime to be enjoyed by the children (as cited in Gleave & Cole-Hamilton, 2012 p. 19). When the bell is rang by the bell boy, the children quickly jump out of the classroom with great joy and jubilation with their hands up. During this time, some of the children who look very dull in the class and do not even talk when asked questions are very active in their play with other children. The children’s agency is exercised during this period as they make decisions on the game to play and who to play with. According to Mayall (2000), children emphasize the importance of friendships with other children and these provide opportunities for the enjoyment of free time to play. To her, during these period children discuss issues and problems with their friends, providing support and a body of knowledge about childhood, child-adult relations and schooling. I also tried to interview some of the children during this period about their play but was not successful as the

children could not concentrate but rather look at their colleagues playing and are eager to join them. This experience gave me a personal feel of how free play matters to children.

When the 30 minutes of break is getting exhausted, the children in course of their playing just watch out to see if bell boy is approaching the bell to ring to announce break over. Their mood changes as soon as they see the bell boy approaching the bell. When the bell is rang, all the excitement of these children goes down. You could see the disappointment in their faces but few keep the smile on showing their contempt of at least having a 30 minutes free play. This is a structure beyond their control (Giddens, 1984; Kjorholt 2004). They have to leave whatever they are doing and move to their classroom.

5.6.2 Sacked for school fees – An opportunity to play

Most parents find payment of school fees very difficult due to financial constraints and therefore make an arrangement with the proprietor to make payment on monthly basis. Though this arrangement for flexible payment of the fees is in place, parents still default in payment and this result in the children in the kindergarten class being sacked home to collect fees. In the nursery and the crèche, the parents or the sibling who brings the children to school are asked to take the children owing school fees back home until the fees are settled. Some parents do come to the proprietor’s office to plead for some days to settle the fees but many still default in the paying the school fees of their children. This makes children being sacked home a very common phenomenon in the institution I did my research. One thing that baffled me was that when the children were sacked home for school fees, most of them look happy and I wondered why? The new social studies of childhood view children as not passive people but active subjects capable of constructing their own social lives (James & Prout, 1990). My study reveals that the children put their agency at work in many ways. When children are constrained by structures in society they in most instances find ways of responding to those constraints. The discussion I had with the children and my own observation reveal that being sacked from the classroom means an opportunity for them to respond to the constraints put forth by the school structure and engage in play. They start playing right from the school compound and the rest of the children in the class cannot help but peep through the design blocks which serve as windows and watch their colleague’s run-off and play right from the school compound on their way home. One of the

children in the class whose parents have paid her fees in full came to me and said; Please I want to be sack for school fees because my daddy hasn’t paid and Madam forgot to mention my name (Field note, July 2011). I wondered why she wanted to go home but further discussions revealed that she just wanted to join her friend out there to play. These also indicate how play matters to these children.

5.6.3 “Our Day” – A day full of excitement

During the focus group discussion, when I asked the question; describe your happiest day in school? Most of the children made reference to “our day” as their happiest day in school. Our day, which is the last day in school or the day the school closes down for holidays is full of excitement for these children. There is no classroom work and the children are left alone to play.

The children are allowed to wear their finest clothes from home and their parents prepare special dishes for them to bring to school on that day. The children love this day so much not because of the special clothes they wear or the special food they eat but the free play they engage in throughout the day. The table below illustrate how a typical “Our Day” looks like.

Table 4: A typical “Our Day” Time table

When I asked a follow up question, why do you like “our day”? One of them said; I like our day because we play throughout the day, there is no teaching on that day and we do whatever we like. The teachers even play music for us to dance (Omanye, 7 year old girl).

Another child said; during “Our day” we have a long break time and no class work, we normally stay on the compound and leave our things in the classroom (Lois, 6 year old girl).

This indicates that children really want to exercise their agency and make decisions for themselves provided the structures in place gives them that opportunity to do so. The children were so conscious of “Our day” even though their exams were approaching, they do not talk or even mention it. Lois and others saw “Our day” as a long break time which they were happy about. They imply that they would have more of the break time than the 30 minutes break they experience during normal school days.

I was in the field till the last day of the term when school vacated and I had the opportunity to witness how the children felt during this day. The children totally avoided the classroom on that day. They quickly move out from the classroom when they put their food brought from home down. They stayed outside the class working hard at play either alone or with friends. Miller and Almon (2009) noted that when children are left on their own they invent scenes and stories, solve problems, and negotiate their way through social roadblocks. They know what they want to do and work diligently towards it (ibid). The exercise of their agency was at its peak during this time. I asked some of the children that day, how will you feel if every day in school is “Our day”? They began to answer this particular question with a smile and laughter. One of them said;

It will be very sweet and I will always come to school (Kofi, 7 year old boy). Another child, Ama, 6 years girl also shared similar view when she said; wow, to have every day as “our day”.

I won’t even go home again. These statements show how the child wish the question I asked was a reality for them to live. They all love to play. To conclude on this section, children are right holders to play and leisure, and are social agents whose lives are influenced by authoritative and available resources at their disposal (Giddens, 1984). Children love to have a free time of play away from adults because it means a lot to them but the structures of the school provide them with less resources and opportunities to play.