L A FORMACIÓN DE LIDERAZGO : ENTRE DESARROLLO Y APRENDIZAJE

3 FīŌ BE MaDE, BECoME (sEE appEnDIx 4)

Except for its one infinitive fierī and its imperfect subjunctive fierem, etc., fīō is very similar to a fourth conjugation verb. In its first meaning be made, which is passive, it is a deponent in reverse as, except for fierī, it is active in form. It exists only in the present, imperfect, and future where it must be used as the passive of faciō, which has no passive forms of its own in these tenses. In the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect faciō has the expected forms factus sum, factus eram, factus erō, etc.

In its second meaning become, fīō is always followed by the nominative because it is acting as a copulative verb (i.e. a verb which predicates something of the subject) as opposed to normal transitive verbs which, when active, signify the action which the subject is inflicting on the object. Other copulative verbs are be, seem, appear, and the passives of various verbs such as be called, be voted, etc. When an adjective or noun is used after these verbs it must be in the nominative (cf. Unit 2). Examples of each meaning of fīō are:

Concursus fit ad praetōria consulum. A crowd forms (lit. is made) at the headquarters of the consuls.

quod fierī ferrō liquidōque potest ēlectrō … (That) which can be made from iron and molten electrum …

Vae! deus fīō! Alas! I’m becoming a god!

Ille fit lupus et veteris servat vestīgia formae. He becomes a wolf and preserves traces of his old appearance.

note

Compounds of faciō with prepositional prefixes (e.g. interficiō kill) all have normal passive forms: interficitur, interficiēbātur, etc. Other compounds of faciō (e.g. calefaciō make warm; cale- is not a preposition) have passive forms with fīō: calefīō, calefit, etc.

4 FERŌ Carry, BEar

Ferō belongs to the third conjugation. Its principal parts are irregular:

ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum. Its present infinitives and some forms of its present indicative have suffered contraction:

ACTIVE PASSIVE

s. férō pl. férimus s. féror pl. férimur

fers fértis férris feríminī

fert férunt fértur ferúntur

InFInITIVEs férre férrī

Because the present infinitive active is ferre, the imperfect subjunctive is férrem, férrēs, etc. in the active, and férrer, ferrēris, etc. in the passive.

All other forms (except for the imperative – see Unit 21) are regular. Ferō must be carefully distinguished from a completely separate verb feriō strike, which only exists in tenses formed from the present stem.

5 VOLŌ, NŌLŌ, MĀLŌ (sEE appEnDIx 4)

Volō wish, want has two compounds which follow it closely: nōlō (nōn + volō) not to want, be unwilling, and mālō (magis + volō lit. I want more) prefer. Their principal parts are parallel and all lack a supine: volō, velle, voluī; nōlō, nolle, nōluī; mālō, malle, māluī. All three verbs are irregular only in the tenses formed from the present stem. They differ from each other in that mālō has no present participle and only nōlō has imperatives (Unit 21). Each can be followed by a noun or pronoun, hoc volō I want this, or an infinitive, Rōmam nāvigāre nōlō I do not want to sail to Rome.

6 EŌ Go (sEE appEnDIx 4)

The principal parts of eō are eō, īre, iī (rarely īvī), itum. Like volō, eō is irregular in the tenses formed from the present stem, but it has certain other peculiarities:

a In forms made from the shorter perfect, iis- is contracted to īs-.

This involves the second singular and plural perfect indicative istī and istis, the perfect infinitive isse and all the pluperfect subjunctive issem, issēs, etc. The initial i of these forms is long but, because it is followed by two consonants, it is not marked as such (see Vowels in the Introduction).

b There are three finite passive forms of eō: ītur (pres.), ībātur (imperf.) and itum est (perf.). Their use is explained in Unit 20. Transitive compounds of eō, however, are conjugated fully in the passive, e.g. adeō I approach, adeor I am approached. Eō has also a present infinitive passive īrī; as this is only used to form the future passive infinitive (see Unit 14) it cannot be given an independent meaning.

InsIght

A large collection of proverbial sayings has come down under the name of Publilius Syrus, a writer of a form of drama called mimes. The following, which contains two compounds of eō (abeō, redeō), is a good example: Fidēs in animum, unde abiit, vix umquam redit honour rarely comes back to the mind from where it has gone, i.e.

when one’s honour is lost it is difficult to retrieve.

Latin reading

1 Nec mortem effugere quisquam nec amorem potest.

2 Stultum facit Fortuna quem vult perdere.

3 Lucrum sine damno alterius fieri non potest.

4 Sapientia sine eloquentia parum prodest civitatibus.

5 Romani, qui caedibus superfuerant, in arcem confugerunt.

6 Abii ante lucem ne me illi viderent.

7 Ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt.

8 Nunc eas ab saxo fluctus ad terram ferunt.

9 Lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego.

10 Poeta nascitur, non fit.

11 Omnia pontus erant, deerant quoque litora ponto.

12 Stultum est vicinum velle ulcisci incendio.

13 qui pergit ea, quae vult, dicere, ea, quae non vult, audiet.

14 Dum tecum vixi, dum me levis aura ferebat haec mea per placidas cumba cucurrit aquas.

15 Ibo ut, erus quod imperavit, Alcumenae nuntiem.

16 Omnibus negotiis non interfuit solum, sed praefuit.

17 Ex quovis ligno non fit Mercurius.

Florus to the emperor Hadrian and the latter’s reply

18 Florus Ego nolo Caesar esse,

ambulare per Britannos

Scythicas pati pruinas. 3

Hadrian Ego nolo Florus esse

ambulare per tabernas,

latitare per popinas, 6

culices pati rotundos.

19 Eo mortuo, ad neminem unum summa imperii rediit.

20 Nemo potest triduo septingenta milia passuum ambulare.

Epigrams from Martial

21 Cana est barba tibi, nigra est coma. tingere barbam non potes (haec causa est), et potes, Ole, comam.

22 Non amo te, Sabidi, nec possum dicere quare:

hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te.

notes

8 eās (< is) the women (acc.).

9 lūsum (< lūdō) and dormītum are supines; Maecēnās (nom. sing.) patron of Vergil and Horace.

12 stultum est impersonal expression it is stupid; vīcīnum m. acc. sing.

14 vixī < vīvō; levis light, gentle.

15 Alcumēnae dative singular.

17 quōvīs (< quī + vīs the second element is indeclinable) any sort of;

Mercurius here not the god himself but …

18 Lines 3 & 7 patī see Unit 14; the culicēs (here probably mosquitoes) are round because they have gorged themselves.

19 eō < is.

22 Sabidī vocative singular of Sabidius (see Unit 3); tantum only.

points to remember

3

3 Possum (pote + sum) is slightly irregular; other compounds of sum (as dēsum be lacking) are regular (but note prōdest, prōderam).

3

3 Fīō be made (also become) has an active form in the present, future, and imperfect except in the present infinitive fierī.

3

3 Fīō is used as the passive of faciō make, cause, do in these tenses.

3

3 Some frequently used verbs are irregular (ferō, ferre carry; volō, velle wish; nōlō, nolle not to want; mālō, malle prefer; eō, īre go).