La adición de velocidades en la relatividad

3.2.9.1. Ḓuvha (sun) as target domain

The comparison in metaphors with the noun ḓuvha (sun) is based on entailments or elements which are found between the target and the source domains mapped onto the source domain to the target domain as indicated in the table, and on the summaries underneath. In Tshivenḓa culture ḓuvha (sun) is associated with terrible heat and drought unlike in the Chinese culture where a dangerous element of the sun is associated with woman. As a result, in Chinese culture, a woman is regarded as the most dangerous person in life.

77. Ḓuvha ḽi tou vha mulilo Lit: The sun is fire

Mappings

Target: ḓuvha (sun) Source: mulilo (fire)

Target frame: Source frame:

sun as source of energy ← fire as flames, light and heat sun was made by God ← fire is prepared by humankind danger of sun with its heat ← danger of fire with its heat sun is round in shape ← fire has flame with oval shape

sun has various gases causing heat ← fire has oxygen gas which causes heat 78. Ḓuvha ḽi tou vha ṋanḓo

Lit: The sun is a furnace Meaning: The sun is very hot

Mappings

Target: ḓuvha (sun) Source: ṋanḓo (furnace)

Target frame: Source frame:

sun as source of energy ← furnace as place to heat metal/glass/clay sun has a high temperatures ← furnace has a high temperature

sun as natural thing made by God ← furnace is a man made thing

God created the sun ← preparation of furnace by humankind

sun causing drought and rain ← crushing/ destruction of iron articles by furnace provision of sunlight to people ← furnace as portrayal of mercilessness

(A Biblical reference, Daniel 3:15, 19-22, The Holy Bible, King James Version)

The metaphors in sentences 77 and 78 are used in a context in which the sun is compared with fire and smeltery or furnace due to the fact that it is very hot like the two entities. Therefore the comparisons in these two sentences are based on the heat of the sun and fire and on the sun and the smeltery / furnace.

79. Ḓuvha ḽi tou vha oveni Lit: The sun is an oven Meaning: The sun is very hot

Mappings

Target: ḓuvha (sun) Source: oveni (oven) Target frame: Source frame: sun as source of energy ← oven as cooker

sun heat animates/inanimate ← oven as cooker which roasts/cooks /heats food sun as a natural object ← oven as an artificial object

sun as created by God ← oven as manmade object 80. Ḓuvha ḽi tou vha tshivhaso/ ḓuvha iḽi ḽo vhaswa

Lit: The sun is a fireplace / this sun made fire Meaning: It is a very hot day / it is terribly hot

Mappings

Target: ḓuvha (sun) Source: tshivhaso (fireplace)

Target frame: Source frame:

sun as source of energy ← fire-place as origin/cause/source of fire sun as a big round natural star ← fire-place as an open space for fire sun heat animates/inanimate ← fire-place cooks /roasts /heats food sun is a natural object ← fire-place as manmade locality

This metaphor is also metonymic in nature due to the fact that the feature of “stand for” exists here as in the case of tshivhaso (fireplace) which “stands for” the whole fireplace, which include firewood, burnt-out cinder and the fire itself. Thus the mappings are as follows;

Mappings

Target: ḓuvha (sun) Vehicle: tshivhaso (fireplace) Target frame: Vehicle frame: sun as source/origin of energy ← fire-place as origin/cause/source of fire

sun as portrayal of terrible heat ← fire-place as vehicle of terrible heat destructive heat from the sun ← fire-place as vehicle of destructive fire or heat 81. Ḓuvha iḽi ḽi tou vha “hele”

Lit: This sun is a hell

Mappings

Target: ḓuvha (sun) Source: hele (hell)

Target frame: Source frame:

sun as source of energy ← hell as home of the Devil (and wicked people) sun as a big round natural star ← hell as a natural home for wrong-doers

danger of sun with its heat ← hell as place with lake/consuming fire strength of the heat of the sun ← strength of the heat of lake of fire sun portrays the endless heat ← hell portrays endless suffering of people sun shows terrible heat ← hell shows gnashing of teeth

The metaphors from sentence (77) to (81) are expressed in situations where the sun is terribly hot. When people make these expressions they are comparing the sun with the oven-heat of the fireplace, the furnace-heat and of hell-heat. As a result of all these the comparison is based on the heat that these entities have. The very same expression is also metonymic in nature as shown in the following mappings;

Mappings

Target: ḓuvha (sun) Vehicle: hele (hell)

Target frame: Vehicle frame:

sun as source of energy ← hell as home of Devil and wicked people sun as a big round natural star ← hell as a natural home for wrong-doers danger of sun with its heat ← hell as place with lake/consuming fire strength of the heat of the sun ← strength of the heat of lake of fire sun portrays the endless heat ← hell portrays endless suffering of people sun shows terrible heat ← hell shows gnashing of teeth

Ḓuvha (Sun) as target domain

Source domains Number of metaphor Attributes

Mulilo (Fire) 77 heat

Ṋanḓo (Furnace) 78 extreme heat

Oveni (Oven) 79 extreme heat

Tshivhaso (Fireplace) 80 source / origin

From the metaphors in (77) to (81), and the table above, it is evident that the central cultural frames associated with sun as target domain in Tshivenḓa is that of heat, extreme heat, source / origin and gnashing of teeth. The range of ḓuvha (sun) as target domain includes burning.

3.2.10. Swiswi (darkness) as source