III. Marco referencial
3.1. Marco histórico
3.2.5. La educación superior y la violencia simbólica
Since the fi rst whole-genome sequencing report of Haemophilus infl uenzae (Fleishmann et al., 1995), we have witnessed an exponential progression in whole-genome sequencing of prokary- otic and eukaryotic organisms including plants and animals. The biological processes pertinent to legumes are unique and Arabidopsis cannot be used for the purpose. Legume research, both funda- mental and applied, is undergoing a revolution in the fi eld of genomics, ever since legumes such as
Medicago truncatula (Bell et al., 2001; National Center for Genome Resources, n.d.; Tadege et al.,
2005; The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, n.d.; Young and Udvardi, 2009) and Lotus japonicus (Udvardi et al., 2005) were adopted internationally as model legumes. The availability of genomic sequences and DNA markers has accelerated the process of identifi cation and the isolation of genes responsible for legume-specifi c characters. The combination of the two genome sequencing projects in Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula and expressed sequence tag (EST) projects in these and other legumes such as soybean, pea, and peanut may offer a unique opportunity for compara- tive studies using pulse crops. Genomic resources such as whole-genome arrays make it possible to pursue detailed questions regarding gene expression in model legumes. Tagged mutant populations simplify the process of determining gene functions. The information gained from studies on the genomics and functional genomics of model legumes in different areas such as symbiotic nitrogen fi xation, drought tolerance, plant pathogen interaction, phosphorus uptake, seed development, and storage protein should be translated successfully for the improvement of pulse crops.
10.9 CONCLUSIONS
At present, transgenic pulse crops are mostly produced only up to T0 levels and rarely up to T1 and
T2. Most of the earlier transgenes which were introduced into pulse crops included antibiotic mark-
ers and herbicide-resistant genes. Later, genes for insect and pest resistance and fungal resistance have been introduced. The second generation of transgenics to be developed should have improved nutritional factors, quality, and yield parameters. However, these are yet to be attempted in pulse crops. For successful commercialization, the stability and inheritance of the transgene fi rst have to be ascertained under fi eld conditions. The transgene should preferably be contained in the chlo- roplast by producing transplastomic plants to prevent spread by pollen grains to related species. The postgenomic era offers opportunities for a better understanding of metabolic pathways and the identifi cation of genes involved in different pathways. This information can be utilized for the development of pulse crops, which will have higher nutritive, higher-yielding, and biotic and abiotic stress-tolerant plants. RNA interference (RNAi) technology can be used for suppression of antinutritional chemicals or compounds.
Plant breeders and farmers are looking forward to growing transgenic pulse crops on large farm- lands, but to date the progress achieved has been very limited (Dita et al., 2006; Eapen, 2008). Technological advances in the development of transgenic pulse crop technology are major chal- lenges facing twenty-fi rst century plant biotechnologists and rapid strides have to be taken in this
direction. However, sustained, coordinated research coupled with long-term funding for the sup- port of research into the development of transgenic pulse crops will help to hasten this objective. Considering the slow pace with which transgenic pulse crop research is moving, the commercialization of this important group of plants still lies a long way ahead. However, due to the importance of this group of crop plants as the main source of protein for the population of developing countries, more efforts need to be focused on the development of transgenic pulse crops.
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