La formulaci´on de Abe de las redes de Hopfield para optimizaci´on

Employment status ...EMPSTAT Gender ...GENDER Race/ethnicity... RACE Primary occupation...OCCUP Professional staff ... PROFSTF Nonprofessional staff ... NPROFSTF

DAS Variable

Carnegie classification of institution CARNEGIE

The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education is a taxonomy of U.S. higher education institutions that has been used for a wide variety of purposes over three decades. It includes all colleges and universities in the United States that are degree-granting and accredited by an agency recognized by the U.S. Secretary of Education. It is the framework in which institutional diversity in U.S. higher education is commonly described. Because of its emphasis on institutional “functions,” the Classification is widely interpreted as differentiating colleges and universities with respect to mission. The Carnegie Classification was originally published in 1973; subsequently updated in 1976, 1987, 1994, and 2000; and a new revision is currently being prepared for publication.

The 2000 Carnegie Classification edition classifies institutions based on their degree-granting activities from 1995– 96 through 1997–98. It groups institutions into the following 10 categories:

Doctoral/Research Universities—Extensive; Doctoral/Research Universities—Intensive; Master’s Colleges and Universities I;

Master’s (Comprehensive) Colleges and Universities II; Baccalaureate Colleges—Liberal Arts;

Baccalaureate Colleges—General; Baccalaureate/Associate’s Colleges; Associate’s Colleges;

Specialized Institutions offering degrees ranging from the bachelor’s to the doctorate and typically awarding a majority of degrees in a single field; and

Tribal colleges and universities.

The 1994 Carnegie Classification edition differs from the 2000 edition primarily by using federal funding to further differentiate doctorate-granting institutions and using admissions selectivity as a criterion to group baccalaureate colleges. It is based on survey data for 1988–89, 1989–90, and 1990–91 on degree-granting activity (from IPEDS), federal funding (from National Science Foundation’s annual report), and admissions selectivity (from The College Board). The 1994 edition classifies institutions into the following 11 categories:

Research Universities I; Research Universities II; Doctoral Universities I; Doctoral Universities II;

Master’s (Comprehensive) Colleges and Universities I; Master’s (Comprehensive) Colleges and Universities II; Baccalaureate (Liberal Arts) Colleges I;

Baccalaureate Colleges II; Associate of Arts Colleges;

Professional and Specialized Institutions offering degrees ranging from the bachelor’s to the doctorate and typically awarding a majority of degrees in a single field; and

Tribal colleges and universities (all members of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium). For details about specific criteria for each Carnegie category and differences between the 2000 and 1994 editions, readers are referred to the Carnegie Foundation’s website at http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/Classification/). Because of differences between the two Carnegie Classification editions, individual categories could not be compared directly. To make the two classifications more uniform—and make comparisons between the 1993 and 2003 staff data more meaningful—a general version was developed for this study by collapsing certain categories from both classifications. This consolidated version divides institutions into the following five broad categories:

DAS Variable

Carnegie classification of institution—continued CARNEGIE

Doctorate-granting universities; Master’s universities and colleges; Bachelor’s colleges;

Associate’s colleges; and

Specialized institutions (including tribal universities and colleges).

Details about how this reduced version relates to the 1994 and 2000 Carnegie classifications are shown in table A-1 below.

New Carnegie category of institution

Equivalency of 1994 Carnegie

categories1 Equivalency of 2000 Carnegie categories1 Doctorate-granting universities Research universities I & II

Doctoral universities I & II

Doctoral/Research Universities—Extensive Doctoral/Research Universities—Intensive Master’s universities/colleges Master’s (comprehensive)

universities and colleges I Master’s (comprehensive) universities and colleges II

Master’s colleges and universities I Master’s colleges and universities II

Bachelor’s colleges Baccalaureate (liberal arts) colleges I

Baccalaureate (liberal arts) colleges II

Baccalaureate colleges—Liberal arts Baccalaureate colleges—General Baccalaureate/Associate’s Colleges

Associate’s colleges Associate of arts colleges Associate’s colleges Specialized Institutions Specialized Institutions

Tribal colleges and universities

Specialized Institutions Tribal colleges and universities

Table A-1.—Aggregated Carnegie classification used in this study in relation to 1994 and 2000 Carnegie Table A-1.—classifications

1

For details about definitions for each category, consult the Carnegie Foundation website at http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/Classification/CIHE2000/foreword.htm

DAS Variable

Control of institution CONTROL

A classification of whether an institution is operated by publicly elected or appointed officials or by privately elected or appointed officials and derives its major source of funds from private sources. Institutions are grouped into three categories as follows:

Public institution—An educational institution whose programs and activities are operated by publicly elected or appointed school officials and that is supported primarily by public funds.

Private not-for-profit institution—A private institution in which the individual(s) or agency in control receives no compensation, other than wages, rent, or other expenses for the assumption of risk. These include both independent not-for-profit institutions and those affiliated with a religious organization.

Private for-profit institution—A private institution in which the individual(s) or agency in control receives compensation other than wages, rent, or other expenses for the assumption of risk.

Degree-granting institution DEGINST

An institution that offers an associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, doctor’s, or a first-professional degree. (In contrast, a non- degree-granting institution offers certificates or other formal awards.)

Employment status EMPSTAT

Indicates whether an employee is employed full time or part time as defined by the institution. The type of

appointment at the “snapshot date” determines whether an employee is full time or part time. The employee’s term of contract is not considered in making the determination of full- or part-time status, only the type of appointment at the snapshot date. For example, a full-time, one-term appointment should be considered full time for the purpose of the IPEDS “Fall Staff Survey.” Casual employees (hired on an ad-hoc or occasional basis to meet short-term needs) and students in the College Work-Study Program are not considered part-time staff. Instruction/research assistants are all part time by definition in the IPEDS Staff survey.

Full-time Part-time Gender GENDER Employee’s gender Male Female

Institution of higher education IHEINST

An institution that is accredited by an agency or organization that was recognized by the U.S. Department of Education or recognized directly by the Secretary of Education. This definition is used for IPEDS data collected before 1997 in referring to institutions generally considered as offering college and university education. (Note that only 2- and 4-year IHEINST institutions are covered in the present study.) Since 1997, the definition has been limited to institutions that are degree-granting and eligible to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs (see DEGINST and T4INST for details).

DAS Variable

Level of institution LEVEL

A classification of whether an institution’s programs are 4-year or higher (4-year institution), 2-year but less-than 4- year (2-year institution), or less-than-2-year. However, institutions that are less-than-2-year are not included in this study.

4-year 2-year

Nonprofessional staff NPROFSTF

Staff from the primary occupation categories of “technical/paraprofessional,” “clerical/secretarial,” “skilled crafts,” and “service/maintenance” (see OCCUP for definition).

Primary occupation OCCUP

The principal activity of a staff member as determined by the institution. It divides employees into eight categories. Employees are assigned to one category based on job title, work performed, skills, education, training, and

credentials. If the employee performs in more than one occupation, the employee should be classified in the occupation that requires the highest level of skill. If there is no measurable difference in skill, the employee should be included in the functional category (occupation) in which he or she spends the most time. The eight categories are as follows:

• Executive, administrative, and managerial: individuals whose assignments require management of the institution or a customarily recognized department or subdivision thereof. Assignments require the performance of work directly related to management policies or general business operations of the institution, department, or subdivision. Assignments in this category customarily and regularly require the incumbent to exercise discretion and independent judgment. Included in this category are employees holding the following titles: top executives; chief executives; general and operations managers;

advertising, marketing, promotions, public relations, and sales managers; operations specialties managers; administrative services managers; computer and information systems managers; financial managers; human resources managers; purchasing managers; postsecondary education administrators, such as presidents, vice presidents (including assistants and associates), deans (including assistants and associates) if their principal activity is administrative and not primarily instruction, research, or public service, directors (including assistants and associates), department heads (including assistants and associates) if their principal activity is administrative and not primarily instruction, research, or public service, and assistant and associate managers (including first-line managers of service, production, and sales workers who spend more than 80 percent of their time performing supervisory activities); engineering managers; food service managers; lodging managers; and medical and health services managers.

DAS Variable

Primary occupation—continued OCCUP

• Faculty (instructional/research/public service): employees identified by the institution as such and typically whose initial assignments are made for the purpose of conducting instruction, research, or public service as a principal activity (or activities). They may hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, lecturer, or the equivalent of any of those academic ranks. Faculty may also include the chancellor/president, provost, vice provosts, deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate deans, assistant deans, and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or the equivalent) if their principal activity is instruction combined with research and/or public service. The designation as “faculty” is separate from the activities to which they may be currently assigned. For example, a newly appointed president of an institution may also be appointed as a faculty member. Graduate/instruction/research assistants are part-time employees by definition of the IPEDS “Fall Staff Survey.” Librarians and counselors are normally reported in the other professional category (defined below); however, some institutions treat them like faculty. Faculty are appointed either full time or part time. Full-time faculty are further divided into three subgroups based on the length of their salary contracts. Less-than-9-month contract faculty are faculty who are employed full time for less than 9 months in a year; 9- to 10-month contract faculty are those who are employed full time for two semesters, three quarters, two trimesters, two 4-month sessions, or the equivalent; 11- to 12-month contract faculty are employed full time for 11 or 12 months.

• Instruction/research assistants: students employed on a part-time basis for the primary purpose of assisting in classroom or laboratory instruction or in the conduct of research. Graduate students having titles such as graduate assistant, teaching assistant, teaching associate, teaching fellow, or research assistant typically hold these positions. Excluded are students in the College Work-Study Program.

• Other professionals (support/service): staff employed for the primary purpose of performing academic support, student service, and institutional support, whose assignments would require either a

baccalaureate degree or higher or experience of such kind and amount as to provide a comparable background. Included in this category are all employees holding titles such as business operations specialists; buyers and purchasing agents; human resources, training, and labor relations specialists; management analysts; meeting and convention planners; miscellaneous business operations specialists; financial specialists; accountants and auditors; budget analysts; financial analysts and advisors; financial examiners; loan counselors and officers; computer specialists; computer and information scientists, researchers; computer programmers; computer software engineers; computer support specialists; computer systems analysts; database administrators; network and computer systems administrators; network systems and data communication analysts; counselors, social workers, and other community and social service specialists; health educators; clergy; directors, religious activities and education; lawyers; librarians, curators, and archivists; museum technicians and conservators; artists and related workers; designers; athletes, coaches, and umpires; dancers and choreographers; music directors and composers; chiropractors; dentists; dietitians and nutritionists; optometrists; pharmacists; physicians and surgeons; podiatrists; registered nurses; therapists; and veterinarians.

• Technical staff and paraprofessionals: persons whose assignments require specialized knowledge or skills that may be acquired through experience, apprenticeship, on-the-job training, or academic work in occupationally specific programs that result in a 2-year degree or other certificate or diploma. Included are persons who perform some of the duties of a professional in a supportive role, which usually requires less formal training and experience than normally required for professional status. Technical and paraprofessionals typically hold job titles such as mathematical technicians; life, physical, and social science technicians; agricultural and food science technicians; chemical technicians; geological and petroleum technicians; nuclear technicians; paralegals and legal assistants; miscellaneous legal support workers; health technologists and technicians; dietetic technicians; pharmacy technicians; licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses; medical records and health information technicians; opticians, dispensing; healthcare support occupations; nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants; physical therapist assistants and aides; massage therapists; dental assistants; medical assistants; and pharmacy aides.

DAS Variable

Primary occupation—continued OCCUP

• Clerical and secretarial staff: all persons whose assignments typically are associated with clerical activities or are specifically of a secretarial nature. Included are personnel who are responsible for internal and external communications, recording and retrieval of data (other than computer

programmers), and/or information and other paperwork required in an office. Clerical and secretarial staff hold job titles such as switchboard operators, including answering service; telephone operators; bill and account collectors; billing and posting clerks and machine operators; bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks; payroll and timekeeping clerks; procurement clerks; file clerks; clerical library

assistants; human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping; shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks; secretaries and administrative assistants; computer operators; data entry and information

processing workers;desktop publishers; mail clerks and mail machine operators (except postal service); office clerks (general); office machine operators (except computer); and proofreaders and copy markers.

• Skilled crafts staff: persons whose assignments typically require special manual skills and a thorough and comprehensive knowledge of the processes involved in the work, acquired through on-the-job training and experience or through apprenticeship or other formal training programs. Skilled crafts staff hold job titles such as welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers; bookbinders and bindery workers; printers; cabinetmakers and bench carpenters; plant and system operators; stationary engineers and boiler operators; water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators; crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers; medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians; painting workers; photographic process workers and processing machine operators; and etchers and engravers.

• Service/maintenance: persons whose assignments require limited degrees of previously acquired skills and knowledge and in which workers perform duties that result in or contribute to the comfort,

convenience, and hygiene of personnel and the student body or that contribute to the upkeep of the institutional property. They hold job titles such as firefighters; law enforcement workers; parking enforcement workers; police officers; security guards; lifeguards; ski patrol; cooks and food preparation workers; food and beverage serving workers; fast food and counter workers; waiters and waitresses; other food preparation- and serving-related workers; building cleaning and pest control workers; grounds maintenance workers; electrical and electronic equipment mechanics; installers and repairers; radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers; avionics technicians; electric motor, power tool, and related repairers; vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers; control and valve installers and repairers; heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers; air transportation workers; motor vehicle operators; and parking lot attendants.

Professional staff PROFSTF

Staff from the primary occupation categories of “executive, administrative, and managerial,” “faculty,” “instruction/research assistants,” and “other professionals (support/service)” (see OCCUP for definition).

Postsecondary education PSE

Postsecondary education is defined within IPEDS as the provision of a formal instructional program whose curriculum is designed primarily for students who are beyond the compulsory age for high school.

Postsecondary education institution PSEINST

DAS Variable

Race/ethnicity RACE

The manner of collecting employees’ racial/ethnic information is left to the discretion of the institution, provided that the system established results in reasonably accurate data, which may be replicated by others when the same

documented system is utilized. An employer may acquire the racial/ethnic information necessary for this section either by visual survey of the workforce or from postemployment records. For the purpose of IPEDS surveys, an individual may be included in the group to which he or she appears to belong, identifies with, or belongs in the eyes of the community. A person may be counted in only one group. Racial/ethnic designations are requested only for U.S. citizens, resident aliens, and other eligible noncitizens (see definitions below). Racial/ethnic designations used in the IPEDS “Fall Staff Survey” do not denote scientific definitions of anthropological origins. The categories are as follows:

American Indian/Alaska Native A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North America or who maintains cultural identification through tribal affiliation or community recognition. Includes Alaska Native. Asian/Pacific Islander A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the

Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent or Pacific Islands. This includes people from China, Japan, Korea, India, the Philippine Islands, American Samoa, India, and Vietnam. Black, non-Hispanic A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of

Africa (except those of Hispanic origin).

White, non-Hispanic A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East (except those of Hispanic origin).

Hispanic A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South

American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.

Nonresident alien A person who is not a citizen or national of the United States and who is in this country on a visa or temporary basis and does not have the right to remain indefinitely. Note that nonresident aliens are reported separately, in the rows of the tables throughout this report, rather than included in any of the five racial/ethnic categories above. Resident aliens and other eligible (for financial aid purposes) noncitizens who are not citizens or nationals of the United States but who have been admitted as legal immigrants for the purpose of obtaining permanent resident alien status (and who hold either an alien registration card [Form 1 -551 or 1-151], a Temporary Resident Card [Form 1-688], or an Arrival-Departure Record [Form 1-94] with a notation that conveys legal immigrant status such as Section 207 Refugee, Section 208 Asylee, Conditional Entrant Parolee or Cuban-Haitian) are to be reported in the appropriate racial/ethnic categories along with U.S. citizens.

DAS Variable

Race/ethnicity—continued RACE

Race/ethnicity unknown This category is used only if the employee did not select a racial/ethnic designation, and the postsecondary institution finds it impossible to place the employee in one of the aforementioned racial/ethnic categories.

Sector of institution SECTOR

An institution falls into one of nine possible institutional categories resulting from dividing the universe according to control within each level of institution as described above. Since only 2- and 4-year institutions are covered in the present study, the total number of sectors reported is six, not nine.