Familial adenomatous polyposis
Statement:The ESGE recommends that surveillance of the proximal small bowel in FAP is best performed using conventional forward and side-viewing endoscopes (strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence).
When small bowel investigation is clinically indicated in FAP, the ESGE suggests that VCE and/or cross-sectional imaging techniques may be considered for identifying polyps in the rest of the small bowel, but the clinical relevance of such findings remains to be demonstrated (weak recommendation, moderate quality evidence)
In FAP, the reference examination for the proximal SB, according to the high cumulative risk of severe duodenal polyposis and high relative risk of duodenal cancer is axial and lateral viewing endoscopy in the same time [259-262]. Jejunal and ileal polyps can be found in 40- 70% of FAP patients; a correlation between the severity of duodenal polyposis and the presence of more distal SB polyps has also been demonstrated [261,263-265]. It is known that
adenomas in the duodenum and the periampullary region are poorly identified with VCE, at least with an accuracy that is inferior to that of axial viewing endoscopy [265,266]; exact polyp size estimation is another limitation of VCE [267].
Studies comparing PE to VCE in FAP patients showed conflicting results [264,268], whereas systematic comparison of VCE with DAE in these patients is still warranted. VCE demonstrated higher sensitivity for polyps than radiological investigations such as SB barium studies and MRE [240,264,265,269]. The location of bigger polyps and determination of their exact sizes has shown to be more accurate by MRE than VCE [269]. The clinical relevance of
detecting distal SB polyps in FAP patients is highly uncertain being the majority lymphoid
hyperplasia, without evidence for advanced adenomas [270] and considering the low frequency of jejunal and ileal carcinomas in these patients[271].
FAP patients present with desmoid tumors in 10 % of cases. Asymptomatic extensive mesenteric desmoid tumors represent a risk in this situation. Cases of acute occlusion related to VCE retention have been reported including a case of desmoid in a FAP patient [272,273]. Exclusion of intraabdominal desmoid tumors by imaging techniques seems reasonable in FAP patients if VCE is considered.
Limited evidence exists concerning the use of DAE in FAP patients [274-277]. If polyps larger than 1 cm are identified at VCE or with cross-sectional imaging techniques, DAE is usually
performed in order to obtain targeted biopsies and accomplish local endoscopic therapy
[265,278]. Although technically feasible, the value of such an approach in these patients has
yet to be demonstrated. In FAP patients with reconstruction with a Roux-en-Y anastomosis after a Whipple procedure, DAE may be useful for investigation of such anatomically altered bowel segments [279].
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS)
Statement: The ESGE recommends small bowel surveillance in PJS patients. VCE and/or
MRE appear adequate methods for this purpose, depending on local availability and expertise, or patients´ preference (strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence).
The initial main purpose of SB surveillance in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) patients is to reduce the polyp burden and the likelihood of polyp related complications, particularly intussusception. With advancing age, this focus may shift to the early detection of SB cancer or
precancerous lesions; however, the preventive effect of surveillance on development of such neoplasia remains to be proven [280,281]. VCE has a greater sensitivity than SBFT in detecting SB polyps [282-284]. When compared to MRE, VCE was superior at detecting small polyps. Polyps >1 cm were detected equally with both modalities and location of polyps and determination of their exact sizes was more accurate with MRE [269,285,286]. MRE was also shown to be less prone to missing large polyps than VCE [285]. A small study reported a 93% concordance between MRE and enteroscopy (i.e. DBE, laparoscopic endoscopy or surgery) for larger (>15 mm) and more risky polyps [287]. Compared to DAE, VCE has the advantage to allow a more complete examinations of the SB in PJS patients, however false-negative results may occur with VCE [288,289]. In a retrospective multicenter study, 25 patients underwent VCE followed by consecutive DBE when treatment was indicated. Authors found a strong agreement for polyp location and size, but not for number of polyps for which DAE was more accurate [290]. The PillCam® patency capsule test may be considered before VCE in PJS
patients with history of prior SB resection, as it has been shown to be useful in detection of relevant stenosis [136,291].
Statement: The ESGE recommends DAE with timely polypectomy when large polyps ( >
10-15 mm) are discovered by radiological examination or VCE in PJS patients (strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence).
It is now well acknowledged that polyp size is the most important risk factor for SB intussusception with intestinal obstruction and that intussusception is generally due to
polyps mm in diameter [292-294]. Consequently, large polyps (10-15 mm) or symptomatic or rapidly growing polyps should be removed. DAE is clinically useful for diagnosis and relatively safe for therapy of SB polyps in PJS patients, both in adults and in children [277,292,295-299].
A study described 29 diagnostic and therapeutic DBE procedures in 13 patients with PJS, with removal of multiple polyps > 1 cm [295] without complications. However, two other studies, report a complication rate of up to 6.8%, including acute pancreatitis (2.7%) [297] and post- polypectomy syndrome (5%)[296].
In PJS, completeness of SB investigation by DAE may be jeopardized by previous laparotomies [296]. If there is no information on polyp burden an initial VCE/MRE from the age of 8-10 years [280,281,293,300] may be preferred to select only those patients for DAE with a need
for therapy. In case of high polyp burden, incomplete polypectomy during preceding DAE, next surveillance may be preferably done by DAE as this is more cost-effective in a setting with high percentage of therapy. Indeed, repeated DBE examinations have been reported to reduce SB polyp burden and to prevent polyp-related complications as intussusception [295- 297]. In case a polyp is too large for safe removal with DAE or when a polyp cannot be reached with DAE, IOE could be considered for polypectomy or enterotomy.