La llegada del capital extranjero: las empresas

One of the main aims of the DHA is to deconstruct the hegemonic character of dominant discourses that tend to establish and perpetuate asymmetrical power relations (Reisigl & Wodak, 2001, 2009). To reveal the ideological underpinnings of hegemonic discourses, DHA scholars propose a multi-dimensional analytical framework that constitutes textual meanings and structures. The analytical categories are the topics, discursive strategies and linguistic means of realizations.Following this model, the analysis of Nasrallah’s speeches starts by identifying the main topics or contents of selected speeches; then, discursive strategies are investigated; and finally, the linguistic means of realization are

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examined (Reisigl & Wodak, 2001, 2009, 2016).54 In chapter 3, section 2.1, I discussed the five discursive strategies involved in the production and perpetuation of

discriminatory practices and their means of realization. Figure 4.1, below, gives a more detailed view of the functions of these strategies and possible linguistic means of realization.

54_{A typical DHA analysis of a given discourse specifies the various topics as well as their interrelatedness.}

However, this is not the procedure followed in this study. This is because, in pragma-dialectics, topics that are not directly related to resolving a difference of opinion are excluded from the analysis.

Strategy Objectives Devices

REFERENTIAL/ NOMINATION

discursive construction of social actors, objects, phenomena, events, processes and actions

• membership categorization devices, deictics, anthroponyms, religionyms,

ideologonyms etc. • tropes such as metaphors, metonymies

and synecdoche (pars pro toto, totum pro parte)

• verbs and nouns used to denote processes and actions etc. PREDICATION discursive qualification of

social actors, objects, phenomena, events, processes and actions (positively or negatively)

• (stereotypical) evaluative attributions of negative or positive traits (e.g. in the form of adjectives, appositions, prepositional phrases, relative clauses, conjunctional clauses, infinitive clauses and participial clauses or groups)

• explicit predicates or predicative nouns/ adjectives/ pronouns • collocations

• comparisons, similes, metaphors and other rhetorical figures (including metonymies, hyperboles, litotes, euphemisms)

• allusions, evocations, presuppositions/ implicatures etc.

ARGUMENTATION justification and questioning of claims of truth and normative rightness

• topoi (formal or more content-related) • fallacies

PERSPECTIVIZATION positioning speaker’s or writer’s point of view and expressing involvement or distance

• deictics

• direct, indirect or free indirect speech • quotation marks, discourse markers/ particles

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Through these strategies, the identities of social actors are constructed and the categorical distinction between in- and out-groups is maintained. More important, however, is the justification and legitimation of discriminatory and exclusionary policies achieved through the DHA’s argumentation strategies.55 _{This thesis adheres to the DHA’s}

principles and aims, and as a consequence, it adopts the DHA’s discursive strategies and their respective means of realization as an analytical apparatus to examine the means by which Nasrallah manages to simultaneously construct a solidified in-group (the 8th of March coalition) and a disintegrated/ traumatized out-group (the 14th of March coalition).

The construction of in-/out-groups is also enacted via the construction of national

identities. Thus, the contours of who belongs to ‘Us’ (i.e. share similar ideologies, moral values and beliefs) versus who are outsiders (i.e. have different values and beliefs) are marked by the discursive formation of identities. Wodak and her co-authors (2009, p. 33–

55 _{Although the DHA conceptualisation of argumentation strategies draws, partially, on pragma-dialectics,}

pragma-dialectics provides a more regimented analytical apparatus for the analysis of argument schemes and fallacies. In this study, topoi that correspond to specific argument schemes, as identified in pragma- dialectics, are included in the thesis’s analytical framework (see Chapter 3, section 4.2).

• metaphors

• animating prosody etc. INTENSIFICATION

OR MITIGATION

modifying (intensifying or mitigating) the

illocutionary force and thus the epistemic or deontic status of utterances

• diminutives or augmentatives • (modal) particles, tag questions, subjunctive, hesitations, vague expressions etc.

• hyperbole, litotes,

• indirect speech acts (e.g. question instead of assertion)

• verbs of saying, feeling, thinking etc.

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42) propose four macro-strategies that are employed in the discursive formation of national identities. These are: constructive strategies, strategies of perpetuation,

transformation and dismantling or destructive strategies. Each of these macro-strategies, as Wodak et al. (ibid.) observe, incorporates a set of sub-strategies, topoi and fallacies, as well as respective means of realization.56

Constructive strategies attempt to construct and establish a certain national identity by promoting unification and solidarity, as well as differentiation between ‘Us’ and ‘Them’. This macro-strategy might be realized through sub-strategies, such as assimilation/ inclusion strategies (emphasis on sameness and similarity), singularisation strategies (emphasis on national uniqueness), autonomisation strategies (emphasis on national autonomy and independence) and a strategy of avoidance. Moreover, strategies of unification, cohesivation and heteronomisation serve the macrofunction of constructing national identities. The strategies of unification and cohesivation place emphasis on unifying common features and worries, as well as on the need to unite and cooperate against an external threat. Heteronomisation strategies emphasize the dangers of extra- national dependence and thus aim to warn against the loss of national autonomy

Strategies of perpetuation attempt to maintain a threatened national identity and are attained through the sub-strategies of positive Self-presentation, continuation (emphasis on positive political continuity) and defence strategies (emphasis on an imminent threat and negative consequences of certain actions). Transformation strategies attempt to transform an established identity into another identity, the contours of which the speaker

56_{At this point, I need to clarify that I will only mention the macro- and sub-strategies that occur in the}

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has previously defined. Several sub-strategies can be deployed, including autonomisation, heteronomisation and dissimilation/ exclusion.57 Finally, dismantling or destructive strategies aim to dismantle parts of an existing national identity without providing a new model to replace the old one. Strategies of assimilation, heteronomisation and

dissimilation, among others, can serve the social macrofunction of dismantling a national identity construct (Wodak et al., 2009, p. 33–42).

The macro-strategies involved in the discursive formation of national identity also serve as a guide to examine the strategies that Nasrallah deploys in the construction and

promotion of Resistance as a national identity, i.e. as a means to unify the Lebanese. This identity-constituting rhetoric is clearly seen in rescue narratives, via which controversial actions or decisions are reframed in order to comply with Resistance ideology tenets. In the proposed model, these strategies are incorporated within the analytical toolkit of pragma-dialectics.