La Música en los Conservatorios Superiores

tourism and development in Brazil

Nayara Rodrigues Marques, Centre for Excellence in Tourism, University of Brasília, Brazilian, [email protected]

André de Almeida Cunha, Department of Ecology, Research Centre UnB Cerrado, University of Brasília, Brazilian, [email protected]

Mozart Fazito, Centre for Excellence in Tourism, University of Brasília, Brazilian, [email protected]

Visitor flow to Brazilian national parks (NP) has rapidly increased in the last decade (300%).

NPs are cornerstones of nature conservation strategies as well as important tourist destinations. This is particularly important in the Brazilian countryside, where commodities’

production, such as mining, agriculture and cattle breeding compete with nature-based tourism, creating impacts on the Cerrado biome (the Brazilian Savanah), a world hotspot for conservation priorities (Myers et al., 2000). Since the 1970s, this biome has suffered an intensive land conversion, from natural vegetation to commodity production. Studies show that deforestation in Cerrado has been faster and larger than in the Amazon (Reis et al, 2017). Moreover, over 60% of the Brazilian production of soybeans grow within the Cerrado region, which also hosts large deposits of minerals, such as niobium, iron, manganese, tin, gold, ornamental stones, among others, which are globally important Brazilian products.

Tourism compete with such industries in the surroundings of protected areas. Such conflicts normally involve residents, visitors, entrepreneurs, and governmental and non-governmental agencies. Nature conservation and commodities’ production became competing discourses in various Brazilian protected sites’ contexts. Recent reports show that in 2016 there was an intensification of socio-environmental conflicts in the Brazilian Savanah. For instance, Fazito et al (2016) describe the manipulation of the sustainability discourse to displace tourism and implement mining in the regional development policies of the Espinhaço Range Biosphere Reserve.

The critical literature on tourism development would benefit from a discursive treatment of development policy contexts (Bianchi, 2009), and more specifically in protected sites’

regions. To respond to this agenda, this ongoing research aims to analyze the socio-environmental conflicts between tourism and mining in the town of Cavalcante, in the state of Goiás. The case study area is located within the UNESCO’s Cerrado Biosphere Reserve, in the border of the Chapada of Veadeiros National Park (CVNP), whose area was recently expanded from 65,000 to 240,000 hectares.

In order to address the proposed objective, we employed a Foucauldian Discourse Analysis method, seeking a deeper understanding of the empirical reality and its complexity. Studies have demonstrated that it is a successful research technique to analyze conflicts underpinning policy-making in development contexts because it helps incorporate the hidden power-play behind the development rhetoric (Hewitt, 2009). Following Hajer’s (2006) recommended steps for conducting such analysis, data collection started in June 2017 with a desk research and three fieldwork visits to develop a global view of the conflicts. A longer fieldwork is planned for August. Semi structured in-depth interviews were conducted with other researchers, experts, environmental activists, members of the tourist industry and the affected communities in order to identify the conflicts and draft a first timeline of the important events

MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 111 that resulted from such conflicts. To triangulate data, we assessed documentary evidence, such as legal and official documents, meeting minutes, international institutions’ and academic documents.

Preliminary results

Initial analysis highlighted the threats to biodiversity caused by commodities’ production, which accounts for the deforestation frontier and other impacts in the region. Thus, there are different possibilities of development and land use in the study region, such as agriculture, cattle breeding, tourism, mining and dams. However, two events illustrate why mining in the town of Cavalcante emerged as a critical case study: mining industry interests have interrupted the attempt to establish two other parks in 2013, and mining sites were left out of the recent expansion of the Chapada dos Veadeiros NP (2017). In contrast, the opening of another gate to the national park continues to be debated between different stakeholders, especially the ones interested in tourism. We have mapped the stakeholders and their political capital to enrich the timeline of important events that guide the discourse dynamics and interests behind the competing discourses of mining and nature-based tourism in the region.

The tourist flow to the region has increased in the last decade together with the applications for mineral research. A large part of the park is located within the boundaries of Cavalcante, that also hosts the largest mineral deposits of the region (among them manganese and tin).

Cavalcante is a historic mining town, with a population of 9,829 inhabitants and an area of 6,953.7 Km². It hosts an important former quilombo (fled slave settlement), named Kalunga.

Figure 1 shows the location of the park with its expansion and the polygons of application for mineral research in Cavalcante (areas where mining and conservation interests overlap are highlighted).

Figure1: Location of the recently expanded Chapada dos Veadeiros NP and the polygons of mineral research applications.

Source: Adapted from the Brazilian Ministries of Environment and of Mining and Energy, 2017.

MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 112 Our planned actions for the coming months are a complementary desk research and another extended fieldwork visit, in which we intend to deepen data collection and analysis. We have planned to conclude this research in November 2018.

References

Bianchi, R., 2009. The “Critical Turn” in Tourism Studies: a radical critique. Tourism Geographies 11, 484–

504.

Fazito, M., Scott, M., Russell, P., 2016. The Dynamics of Tourism Discourses and Policy in Brazil. Annals of Tourism Research 57, 1–17.

Hajer, M., 2006. Doing Discourse Analysis: coalitions, practices, meanings, in: Words Matter in Policy and Planning: Discourse Theory and Method in the Social Sciences. Labor Grafimedia, Utrecht.

Hewitt, S., 2009. Discourse Analysis and Public Policy Research. Centre for Rural Economy Discussion Paper 24, 1–16.

Myers, N., Mittermeier, R., Mittermeier, C., Fonseca, G., Kent, J., 2000. Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities. Nature 403, 853–858.

Reis, T.,Russo, G., Ribeiro, V., Moutinho, P., Guimarães, A., Stabile, M., Alencar, A., Crisostomo, A.C., Silva, D., Shimbo, J., 2017 Climate challenges and opportunities in the Brazilian Cerrado. IPAM, COP23.

MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 113

From canyoning to agritourism and cultural tourism. The diversification in lower or mid-altitude ski resort, French Alps

André Suchet, University of Bordeaux, LACES-MSHA, France. [email protected]

The diversification of tourist activities in small, low altitude resorts has long been a major concern for these locations, especially since the 1990s (Messador, 1996; Bourdeau, 1993;

Helion, 1999; Guérin, 1989) and still now (Tuppen & Langenbach, 2015;Marcelpoil, 2011;

Jorand, Mao, Biard, Obin, & Suchet, 2009; Gauchon, 2012). Compared with their high-altitude counterparts, many such resorts might be considered as intrinsically more diversified, benefiting from both a summer and winter season. However, the risk of inadequate or irregular snow-cover in winter has proved a limiting factor on development. In contrast the inherent beauty of the natural landscape and the attractiveness of traditional villages, surrounded by forests and pastures, provide a setting particularly conducive for outdoor recreational leisure activities. Taking account of these factors, many resorts have attempted to reinforce their family image, catering for a wide age-range and a variety of interests of which many do not have a sporting character. Activities and facilities for young people (such as safe ski-lifts) have become especially popular. The result is a proliferation of activities, especially in summer but also during the winter.

As in most resorts, upgrading of skiing facilities is commonplace (renewal of chair-lifts, the introduction of snow-making equipment even in modestly-sized resorts), as are attempts to appeal to a wider range of winter-sports enthusiasts (based around cross-country skiing, snow-shoe trekking and tobogganing, for example). Skiing areas reserved for young children and families have multiplied. In terms of widening the appeal of such resorts, opportunities for other outdoor activities are also proposed, ranging from signposted walks to visits to local monuments or sites of interest. Visitors are encouraged to discover local traditions and folklore and holiday periods such as Christmas and the New Year are strongly promoted as festive seasons.

The summer is characterised by a proliferation of outdoor pursuits, whether of a sporting character (mountain biking, paragliding, rock-climbing, tennis, golf, canoeing, fitness classes) or of a more recreational nature (hiking, horse and pony riding). In addition, a range of farm visits, cultural excursions, thematic courses and visits to improve understanding of the local environment are frequently on offer, as well as a series of daytime and evening fetes and entertainments. For these resorts and their surrounding areas, the mountain can be seen as a reservoir of under exploited resources, with a personal character, where history and culture constitute a potential competitive advantage, compared with high altitude resorts, (François, 2007). Similarly, resorts have increasingly become important outlets for a part of local agricultural production (wines, fruits, cheeses, jams and honey), which can further add to their tourist appeal. These mountain environments also represent a particular challenge for the sustainable development of sites (Clarimont & Vlès, 2007; Suchet and Jorand, 2008). Considerable research is currently underway into these issues (François, 2007, 2009; Jorand and al., 2009).

MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 114 Resorts at this altitude have also become more diversified through the development of their residential function, particularly where they are located in relative proximity to urban centres such as Grenoble, Chambéry or Annecy (or even centres further afield such as Lyon, Geneva and Nice). Two forms of residential growth are evident, the first induced by retirement migration and the second related to the possibility of benefiting from an adjacent and large labour market while living in rural surroundings. The small resort of Lans-en-Vercors which is a short distance from Grenoble illustrates this principle.

A number of examples may be used to explore the issue of diversification in more detail as well as some of the problems it poses. Suchet, Jorand and Raspaud (2010) have studied the village of La Chapelle, but other case studies such as Font d’Urle and Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse, illustrate more successful diversification (Jorand and al., 2009). Font d'Urle is a small ski resort, in the Vercors, an area which held several events during the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble. There is no permanent glacier on the Vercors plateaux, so the Vercors might be considered as one of the most weather dependent areas of the Alps. This has not prevented, however, the extensive development of cross-country skiing which is considered, as at Font d’Urle, to be of a high quality . The Vercors can be considered as a vast cross-country area linking the main resorts of Autrans, Meaudre, Lans-en-Vercors, complementing the emphasis given to downhill skiing at Villard-de-Lans. At Font d'Urle, different stakeholders have combined to develop sports and outdoor activities in a sustainable manner. In particular, the local authorities of the Drôme department have given a major priority to promoting and planning such activities over the last decade. Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse , lies at a crossroads between the Alps and the Jura Mountains. The Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse Massif is close to Grenoble to the south and Chambery to the north. In winter, Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse and other ski centres in the same area, provide 64 ski runs and 255 km of cross-country skiing and snowshoe trails (Sénil, 2004). In summer, as elsewhere in the Alps, a wide range of outdoor pursuits is proposed (for example, climbing, caving, canyoning, mountain biking, paragliding, donkey rides, and horse riding) by a variety of professionals who generally reside in the town. However, they rarely work together on such projects, using their own informal power to develop their businesses. The result is a lack of co-ordination and an absence of clarity in the image transmitted to tourists. At the same time, Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse, due particularly to its proximity to Grenoble, is an example of a resort which has also grown as a residential centre and which attracts a large number of day visitors.

MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 115

Why Count? Best practices in