La Tierra como objeto anaclítico y narcisista

Despite the vulnerability of Bantul women to earthquakes, they can make a difference during reconstruction through their capacities to improve economic, social and environmental vulnerability within the district. Figure 7.8 presents coding structure of various gender capacities, which appears within reconstruction, resulting from interviews with women and men beneficiaries, as well as women and men policy makers and implementers.

This research found that active roles of women groups across the villages during reconstruction. The roles of women voluntary organization, women ROSCA’s (Rotating and Saving Credit Associations), and PKK (Program Kesejahteraan Keluarga) have a vital role in achieving sustainable reconstruction in Bantul especially in maintaining houses, clean water, and sanitation across the villages which also

175 help to protect the ecosystem. Regarding economic sustainability, women grassroots organization create ROSCA’s to increase their financial access. In the ROSCA’s, every member has access to the funding without any substantial guarantees like requirements of formal Bank. Through ROSCA’s, women owned small business can start and run their business very soon. Moreover, the government and International donors also used these ROSCA’s for providing business skills and technical assistantship as well as distributing cheap financial credit. As reported by 2011, the program able to distribute more than 10,000 loans to the small and medium business at Bantul. The financial credit amounting to USD 5 million have been allocated to 26 ROSCA’s and microfinances that women grassroots groups managed most.

This research also found that women and men’s capacity in improving the sustainability of environment across the villages. For example, women have endorsed to use of organic farming so that they can avoid the danger of pesticide for their land. In most agricultural areas at the district,

Gender economic capacity in Bantul:

To solve the limited fund to start our business we create “arisan” or ROSCA’s. In arisan, we can collect some money to start our small business. In ROSCA’s we also do many economic activities such as selling foods and other products of our groups. We are able to saving the profits to run our business. Thus, through ROSCA’s we have profits as well as empowerment (Interview policy implementer 6).

Women have main roles in developing micro, small and medium enterprises or commonly known and referred to as UKM (Usaha kecil dan menengah) in Bantul before, during and after reconstruction. In every village, women are organising themselves by establishing “Kelompok Swadaya Masyarakat” and “Badan Keswadyaan Masyarakat”. Kelompok Swadaya Masyarakat is a group of 4-5 UKM that are organised together. In UKM women and men discuss many issues about their small business and they use these groups to mobilise themselves in getting technical assistance from the district government. BKM is a small credit provider organization in the village which is mainly organised by women. Through BKM, women gain cheap and easy access to administration credit from the government (Interview with policy maker 4).

Through establishing traditional markets, women in the Bantul village create markets for their agricultural produce. Not only that, but they also cooperate with modern markets such as supermarkets in Yogyakarta city to help sell their agricultural products (Interview with policy implementer 6).

176 organic rice, fruits, and vegetables are popular and have become iconic products of those areas since reconstruction. The following transcript explains such gender capacity.

Across the villages, the active roles of women groups in creating green housing were also shown. Along the gardens and roads, they plant vegetables and herbs called TOGA (Tanaman obat keluarga). Women groups are also actively involved debris management through creating artistic handicrafts from the plastic and paper debris. They also regularly conducted kerja bakti and participate in the kampong improvement programs which aims to maintain a clean and healthy environment around the villages.

In terms of social sustainability, women groups working together with the government, donors and community members during reconstruction to establish security and safety of their villages. The spirit of Javanese cultural tradition of gotong royong encourage women and men to actively

Gender environmental capacity in Bantul:

All women and men in the village work together every Sunday to clean and irrigate, road and public facilities in the villages. We call this activity “kerjabakti” or village labor which is a part of our community culture. Through this routine “kerjabakti” [led by the village head] we are able to maintain a clean and healthy environment in the village (Interview with policy implementer 6).

Women in our village also have a key role in introducing and implementing organic rice and vegetables. These organic agricultural products not only have higher prices but are also better for our land in the future. With such advantages, farmers in our village now begin to change their agricultural plantation from non-organic to organic produce (Interview with policy implementer 6).

Reconstruction gives women the chance to create a friendly housing environment. Women across the village have an important role to complete these activities. They collect seeds and small trees around villages and they then organise themselves by working together with young girls and boys in the village to plant across the village road and within their houses. As a result, within three years, Bantul villages have become green with trees (Interview with policy implementer 6).

I can say that women in the Bantul village are in charge of domestic waste. Women have main roles to manage domestic waste since the waste are generated from our houses. We working together with village government to build a garvage collection places. We also encourage political leaders here to campaign the importance of public health and waste management across the villages. Bantul Administration Women Welfare also work to deal with these and other related issues (Interview with policy implementer 5).

177 involved in creating secure and safety social environment. Not only have that, the spirit strengthened solidarity among affected victims during reconstruction. Across the communities, each individuals are happy and willing to help each other in the spirit of solidarity and cooperation in social and business activities. The following interview transcripts explain the gendered social capacity at Bantul district.

The next section presents the institutional framework of gender mainstreaming at Bantul’s reconstruction. Then, it discusses various gender mainstreaming strategies that have been introduced by the Bantul government to address gender vulnerability and to strengthen gender capacity during reconstruction.