La valoración de los daños morales causados

Overview

Building system templates were assigned in the IESVE ApacheSystems module; these defined the characteristics of the heating, cooling, ventilation and hot water systems used in the existing and new

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buildings. Individual system templates were developed for each building and for each group of conditioning strategies as required. Owing to their distinctive characteristics, different system templates were used for the laboratory and workshop zones. The systems are described in Table XIII in Appendix C3.

Each system defined the following:

- Heating system seasonal efficiency and delivery efficiency

- Cooling system seasonal efficiency ratio

- Ventilation system specific fan power (SFP)

- Auxiliary energy, W/m² to allow for system pumping energy

- Hot water storage volume, storage losses, circulation losses and secondary circulation pump power and circuit length

The specific systems and respective characteristics are given in Appendix C3. The basis for the system characteristics are given in the following sections.

Heating systems

Table 8.10 lists the heating system efficiencies used for each building. These values were applied to all systems common to the same building. The total system efficiency incorporated the boiler seasonal efficiency and an allowance for distribution losses, estimated to be 2%.

Only the boilers at the Darwin Building were understood to be relatively old, having been installed for greater than 10 years. Accordingly their efficiency was determined based on recommendations of the EU Boiler Efficiency Directive 92/42 (1992). The gas boilers at Bentham House have recently been upgraded so efficiencies for modern boilers installed in existing buildings were used, taken from the

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Non-Domestic Building Services Compliance Guide (“NDBSC Guide”) (2013b). Christopher Ingold Building, Rockefeller and 1-19 Torrington Place all receive heat from the local district heating scheme, therefore it was not possible to assign a boiler efficiency or to measure the impact. The boiler efficiencies for the existing and new schemes were therefore set to be the same, although in order to factor boiler efficiency into the analysis the efficiencies for new installations were used. For all new-build schemes, high-efficiency systems based on condensing gas boilers were assumed, using the target efficiency in the NDBSC Guide 2013. For boiler replacements at Bentham House and Darwin Building (scenario S1), the target efficiency for existing buildings was used, also from the NDBSC Guide 2013.

Table 8.10 Heating system efficiencies for each building Source: HM Government (2013b)

Building Heating system efficiency

Bentham House (existing) 86.3%

Christopher Ingold Building (existing) 94.0%

Darwin Building (existing) 77.1%

Rockefeller Building (existing) 94.0%

1-19 Torrington Place (existing) 94.0%

All boiler replacements in existing buildings (S1) 88.1%

All new buildings 94.0%

Cooling systems

Table 8.11 gives the cooling system Energy Efficiency Ratios (EERs) used for the existing and new buildings (plus scenario S2 chiller replacements) by system type. Separate values were used for local, split-based air conditioning systems and for central, air-cooled chiller-sourced, chilled water systems.

For all existing buildings, EERs were based on standard minimum values given in the 2006 version of the NDBSC Guide (DCLG 2006). For all new buildings, EERs were based on stated values for modern,

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commercially-available systems from Carrier¹⁷ and Toshiba¹⁸ which exceeded the minimum values in the 2013 version of the NDBSC Guide (HM Government 2013b).

Table 8.11 Cooling SSEERs by building and system type Source: HM Government (2013b)

Building Cooling system type Energy Efficiency Ratio, EER Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio, SSEER

Existing Local: split-based air-conditioning 2.4 3.9

Central: air-cooled chiller source 2.25 3.4

New and replacement (S2)

Local: split-based air-conditioning 3.22 5.2

Central: air-cooled chiller source 2.78 4.2

Ventilation system

Unless measured separately, ventilation system SFPs were based on allowances for existing buildings as used for Part L compliance, given in the NDBSC Guide 2006 (DCLG 2006). Target SFPs for the new buildings were set, based on a 40% improvement against the values in the 2013 version of the guide (HM Government 2013b). The values varied by ventilation system type, as shown in Table 8.12.

Table 8.12 Ventilation specific fan powers by building and system type Source: HM Government (2013b)

Building Specific fan power (W/l/s) by ventilation system type Central

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Where heat recovery was employed, the following heat recovery efficiencies were used: 50% for existing buildings, based on the minimum value in the 2013 version of the Non-Domestic Heating, Cooling and Ventilation Guide (HM Government 2013b); 75% for new buildings, based on CIBSE Guide B for thermal wheel systems (CIBSE 2005).

Auxiliary energy (pumping)

Allowances were made for building systems pumping energy, as given in Table 8.13. These were estimated based on peak pumping rates necessary to deliver the building heating and cooling loads and allowances pump resistances (kPa). For new buildings reductions in auxiliary energy were attributed to the lower heating and cooling loads.

Table 8.13 Auxiliary pumping energy allowances by building

Building Auxiliary energy (average W/m²)

Existing New

Bentham House 1 0.4

Christopher Ingold Building 0.8 0.4

Darwin Building 0.8 0.4

Rockefeller Building 0.9 0.4

1-19 Torrington Place 0.9 0.4

Hot water

For 1-19 Torrington Place, the hot water consumption was separately metered and the monthly readings were converted into profiles for use in the model. For all other buildings, the building hot water demands were estimated based on the minimum observed monthly gas or heat consumption for each building, occurring in the summer months between June and August. These values were converted into litres per day per person for the corresponding period based on the modelled building occupancy, as shown in Table 8.14, and the rates were then applied to occupancies in the remaining

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months to create annual consumption profiles. Allowances were also made for losses from storage cylinders and secondary circulation lengths based on the standard values in the IESVE application;

these characteristics were the same for the new and existing buildings.

Table 8.14 Hot water system characteristics by building

Building (existing and new) Calculated hot water consumption (litres/day/person)

Bentham House 3.8

Christopher Ingold Building 7.8

Darwin Building 2.8

Rockefeller Building 4.6

1-19 Torrington Place 1.3