LAS ALGAS GRAN ALTERNATIVA PARA BIOCOMBUSTIBLES

The benefits of adopting PLFP measures is defined in this study as the flood damage prevented as a result of the flood protection product installed in relation to the damage sustained by unprotected property. The assessment of the benefits of PLFP products in the financial model therefore involves two main activities:

 Calculating the WAAD of a property with respect to no PLFP measure at all.

 Calculating the WAAD of a property with respect to the PLFP measure employed.

In assessing the benefits of the different packages of protection products used in the study, key assumptions were made with respect to product malfunction and failure (see Table 3.7). This involves judging the potential benefits of each protection package based on their capabilities and effectiveness. Seepage or leakage with the PLFP measures has been estimated by applying a 20% reduction in damages for where there is protection, for example. The factors applied were in line with similar steps taken by previous studies based on further consultation, particularly for long duration floods (Royal Haskonning, 2012; JBA, 2012b). In addition, the effective design depth for resistance products was taken to be 0.6m above the threshold of a property, as the

industry standard (Atkinson and Price, 2005). This figure has been recommended, based on physical testing of the ability of properties to withstand hydrostatic loading of floodwater. Beyond this threshold depth, flood damage is assumed to occur as with no protection at all.

The benefits explained in Table 3.7, are those involving the direct consequences of floods that are avoided by using PLFP products. These damages are primarily the household inventory and building fabric damages, as well as the clean-up costs which are evaluated separately in the MCM using the National Flood School data (FHRC, 2010). This data gives more comprehensive estimates for various clean-up costs components, including moving contents for storage and dehumidification, and the average value is £6423 for a property with no flood protection measure (JBA, 2012b).

Indirect benefit of PLFP products

Indirect costs of flood were evaluated separately in the financial model. They include the costs of temporary accommodation, absence from work and intangible impacts of floods with regards to the health or stress problems. In the past, an estimated value of

£225 has been assumed as the benefit of avoiding the health or stress impacts based on survey outcome (DEFRA, 2008). However, more information has now become available on the costs of the health impacts of floods; as such, the previous figure (£225) has been updated to £2513 per household per event, based on future climate change metrics and considering an average household size of 2.36 for the UK (JBA, 2012b). The largest portion of the overall figure was estimated by the “UK climate change Risk Assessment: Health Report” in 2012 (HR Wallingford, 2012), and they constitute the mean costs of general practitioner care, cognitive behaviour therapy and non-directive counselling, and equates to £970. Using the total value (£1065) for the avoidance of stress and an average household of 2.13 persons for the Scottish borders, the resulting figure is £2268 and this has been used in the assessment.

In addition, a mean time of 26 days has been used as the average time people are absent from work after floods, and this was derived from findings reported by Werritty et al.

(2007). The total loss due to absence from work is estimated at £2235, and is based on the mean weekly wage for Hawick which is estimated at £429 by the National Office of Statistics: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ONS, 2012). Also, the mean cost of

temporary accommodation was approximated as £6695 based on evidence of costs arising from the 2007 summer floods in England (Environment Agency, 2010). This average is derived from Weathernet insurance data which estimated the cost of temporary accommodation from the 2007 floods using a subset of 5,800 households.

These indirect costs of floods have been included in the financial model to reflect the additional benefits of using PLFP products. The full costs have been used where there is no measure, but reduced accordingly for where there is flood protection product installed.

Table 3.7: Assessment of flood damages with respect to PLFP measures

Building fabric component

PLFP product Short duration flooding (< 12 hours) Long duration flooding (> 12 hours) Manual resistance (A & B)  Full damage to external building

 No damage to floors up to 0.6m

 Full damage to gardens/fences/sheds

 No damage to internal decorations up to 0.6m

 No damage to joinery up to 0.6m

 Full damage to paths and pavement

 No damage to plasterwork up to 0.6m

 No damage to plumbing and electric up to 0.6m Automatic resistance  Full damage to external building

 No damage to floors up to 0.6m

 Full damage to gardens/fences/sheds

 No damage to internal decorations up to 0.6m

 No damage to joinery up to 0.6m

 Full damage to paths and pavement

 No damage to plasterwork up to 0.6m

 No damage to plumbing and electric up to 0.6m

 Full damage to external building

 No damage to floors up to 0.6 m

 No damage to plumbing and electric up to 0.6m Resilience with no flooring  Full damage to external building

 Full damage to floors

 Full damage to gardens/fences/sheds

 Full damage to external building

 Full damage to floors

 Full damage to gardens/fences/sheds

 Full damage to internal decorations

 No damage to joinery up to 0.6m

 Full damage to paths and pavement

 No damage to plasterwork up to 0.6m

 No damage to plumbing and electric up to 0.6m

 Full damage to internal decorations

 Damage to joinery is 25% of costs up to 0.6m

 Full damage to paths and pavement

 No damage to plasterwork up to 0.6m

 No damage to plumbing and electric up to 0.6m Resilience with flooring  Full damage to external building

 No damage to floors up to 0.6m

 Full damage to gardens/fences/sheds

 Full damage to internal decorations

 No damage to joinery up to 0.6m

 Full damage to paths and pavement

 No damage to plasterwork up to 0.6m

 No damage to plumbing and electric up to 0.6m

 Full damage to external building

 No damage to floors up to 0.6m

 Full damage to gardens/fences/sheds

 Full damage to internal decorations

 Damage to joinery is 25% of costs up to 0.6m

 Full damage to paths and pavement

 No damage to plasterwork up to 0.6m

 No damage to plumbing and electric up to 0.6m

Table 3.7: Contd.

Household inventory component

PLFP product Short duration flooding (< 12hours) Long duration flooding (>12 hours) Manual resistance (A & B)  No damage to audio/video up to 0.6m

 No damage to domestic appliances up to 0.6m

 Domestic clean-up cost is 20% of <0.1m flood

 No damage to floor covering/curtains up to 0.6m

 No damage to furniture up to 0.6m

 Full damage to garden/DIY/leisure

 No damage to heating equipment up to 0.6m

 No damage to personnel effects up to 0.6m

 Damage to audio/video is 20% of 0.05m flood

 Damage to domestic appliances is 20% of 0.05m flood

 Domestic clean-up is 20% of < 0.1m flood

 Damage to floor covering/curtains is 20% of 0.05m flood up to 0.6m

 Damage to furniture is 20% of 0.05m flood up to 0.6m

 Full damage to garden/DIY/leisure

 Damage to heating equipment is 20% of 0.05m flood up to 0.6m

 Damage to personnel effects is 20% of 0.05m flood up to 0.6m Automatic resistance  No damage to audio/video up to 0.6m

 No damage to domestic appliances up to 0.6m

 Domestic clean-up cost is 20% of < 0.1m flood up to 0.6m

 No damage to floor covering/curtains up to 0.6m

 No damage to furniture up to 0.6m

 Full damage to garden/DIY/leisure

 No damage to heating equipment up to 0.6m

 No damage to personnel effects up to 0.6m

 Damage to audio/video is 20% of 0.05m flood up to 0.6m

 Damage to domestic appliances is 20% of 0.05m flood up to 0.6m

 Domestic clean-up is 20% of <0.1m flood up to 0.6m

 Damage to floor covering/curtains is 20% of 0.05m flood up to 0.6m

 Damage to furniture is 20% of 0.05m flood up to 0.6m

 Full damage to garden/DIY/leisure

 Damage to heating equipment is 20% of 0.05m flood up to 0.6m

 Damage to personnel effects is 20% of 0.05m flood up to 0.6m Resilience with no flooring  Full damage to audio/video

 Damage to domestic appliances is reduced by 40% up to 0.6m

 Domestic clean-up is reduced by 50% of domestic clean up to 0.6m

 Full damage to audio/video

 Damage to domestic appliances is reduced by 40% up to 0.6m

 Domestic clean-up is reduced by 50% of domestic clean up to 0.6m

 Full damage to floor covering/curtains

 Full damage to furniture

 Full damage to garden/DIY/leisure

 No damage to heating equipment up to 0.6m

 Full damage to personnel effects

 Full damage to floor covering/curtains

 Full damage to furniture

 Full damage to garden/DIY/leisure

 No damage to heating equipment up to 0.6m

 Full damage to personnel effects Resilience with flooring  Full damage to audio/video

 Damage to domestic appliances is reduced by 40% up to 0.6m

 Domestic clean-up is reduced by 50% of domestic clean up to 0.6m

 No damage to floor covering/curtains up to 0.6m

 Full damage to furniture

 Full damage to garden/DIY/leisure

 No damage to heating equipment up to 0.6m

 Full damage to personnel effects

 Full damage to audio/video

 Damage to domestic appliances is reduced by 40% up to 0.6m

 Domestic clean-up is reduced by 50% of domestic clean up to 0.6m

 No damage to floor covering/curtains up to 0.6m

 Full damage to furniture

 Full damage to garden/DIY/leisure

 No damage to heating equipment up to 0.6m

 Full damage to personnel effects