Las ideas imperialistas de Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

Conjugative transposons have been identified in or transferred into over 50 different genera o f bacteria (Table 1.1). There are a variety o f different families o f conjugative transposons (examples o f which are given in Table 1.2), each o f which will be discussed individually.

Table 1.1. Genera o f bacteria in which conjugative transposons belonging to the Ix \9 1 6 -T n l5 4 5 family have

been found or introduced. (Adapted from Rice, 1998).

A cetobacteriu m C itrobacter G em ella P revo tella

A choleplasm a Clostridium Haem ophilus S taphylococcus

A ctin obacillu s Corynebacterium K ingella S treptococcus

A erococcu s Eikenella Lactobacillus Thermus

A lcaligen es Enterococcus Lactococcus U reaplasm a

B acillus Escherichia Leuconostoc Veillonella

B ifidobacterium Eubacterium Listeria

B utyrivibrio Fusobacterium N eisseria

T able 1.2. E xam ples o f co n ju g a tiv e transposons.

N a m e o f conju gative O riginal host S iz e (K bp) C om m ents R eference transposon

l n 9 1 6 fam ily

lx \9 1 6 E n te ro c o c c u s f a e c a lis 18.3 Confers tetracycline resistance Franke and C lew ell, 1981 l n 9 2 5 B a c illu s fir m u s 18 Confers tetracycline resistance C hristie e / a / . 1987 lx \5 3 9 7 C. d iffic ile 2 0 .6 Confers tetracycline resistance M ullan y e t a l. 1990 l n l 5 4 5 S tr e p to c o c c u s p n e u m o n ia e 25 .3 Confers resistance to kan am ycin, erythrom ycin and tetracycline C ourvalin and Carl 1er, 1986 l n 5 2 5 1 S tr e p to c o c c u s p n e u m o n ia e 18 Confers tetracycline resistance A y o u b ie /a 7 . 1991 C o m p o site con ju gative transposons

T n i 707 S tr e p to c o c c u s p y o g e n e s > 5 0 C onfers erythrom ycin and tetracycline resistance Le B o u g u è n e c e / ûf7. 1988 l n 5 2 5 2 S tr e p to c o c c u s p n e u m o n ia e 47 .5 C onfers chloram ph en icol resistance A y o u b i e t a /. 1991 T n 5 2 5 3 S tr e p to c o c c u s p n e u m o n ia e 6 5 .5 T n 5257 inserted into T n 5 2 5 2 A y o u b i e /a / . 1991 l n 5 3 8 5 E n te ro c o c c u s f a e c a lis 65 C onfers resistance to erythrom ycin, gen tam icin , m ercuric chloride,

streptom ycin, tetracycline and pen icillin . C on ju gation o f th is elem en t m ay be due to another, sm aller con ju gative transposon (Tn5J<S7) located w ith in the elem ent.

R ic e and Carias, 1998

l n 5 2 7 6 L a c to c o c c u s la c tis 70 C onfers production and im m unity to nisin and a su crose m etab olic pathw ay

Rauch and D e V o s, 1992

T n 5357 E n te ro c o c c u s f a e c a lis 19 Confers tetracycline resistance R ice e / a/. 1992 T n 5 3 5 5 E n te ro c o c c u s f a e c a lis 19 Confers tetracycline resistance R ice e / a/. 1992

C on ju gative transposons from B a c te r o id e s

X B U 4 4 2 2 B a c te r o id e s Cryptic B e d z y k e t a /. 1992

T c' E m ' 7 8 5 3 B a c te r o id e s 7 0 -8 0 T his represents a d istin ct cla ss o f B a c te r o id e s con ju gative transposons. C onfers resistance to tetracycline and erythrom ycin

N ik o lich e / a .. 1994

T c' E m ' D O T B a c te r o id e s 7 0 -8 0 T his represents another d istin ct cla ss o ï B a c te r o id e s con ju gative transposons. C onfers resistance to tetracycline and erythrom ycin

Shoem aker e t a/. 1989

Other con ju gative transposons

l n 5 3 0 1 L a c to c o c c u s la c tis 70 R epresents a distin ct cla ss o f con ju gative transposons. C onfers nisin production and su crose catab olism

Horn e t al. 1991

l n 4 3 7 1 R a lsto n ia e u tr o p h a 55 C onfers biphenyl catabolism . C o n ju gative transfer has not been dem onstrated although co n ju gative g en es are present

M erlin et a /. 1999

d n s c r 9 4 S a lm o n e lla s e fte n b e r g 100 E n cod es a sucrose ferm entation pathw ay H ochhu t e / a / . 1997 R 391 P r o te u s r e ttg e r i 9 3 .9 C onfers kanam ycin resistance and m ercury resistance M urphy and Pem broke, 1995 SX T V ibrio C h o le ra e 62 C onfers resistance to su lfam eth oxale, trim ethoprim and strep tom ycin W aldor e t a / . 1996