Apart from fulfilling their tax and other fiscal obligations as well as ensuring that the impact of their production on the environment is managed, oil and gas companies are not legally responsible for the development of the communities in which they operate. Development of communities is the responsibility of the government or local authorities who receive the state's share of oil revenues (Edjekumhene et al., 2010). Some oil companies, however, help in the development of some communities that are affected by their operations.
A report by Tullow Oil emphasizes one of the company’s main aims, “creating shared responsibility in partnership” (Tullow Oil, 2013: 4). This means that the company expresses an aim to establish positive relationships with various stakeholders including the government and the local people through social and economic development contributions in local towns and countries within which they operate (ibid.). According to the company, it has its own responsibility package that it would offer to all who are affected by its operations. Tullow Oil has a representative in the Shama District Assembly. This person serves as a liaison between the Shama district and the oil company. According to the representative, Tullow Oil has supported Shama and the Shama District Assembly in a number of ways.
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With regards to CSR projects Tullow Oil, according to the company’s representative, funded a model Kindergarten (KG) Complex constructed by Sabre Trust for the children of Amenano in Shama. This KG School, which is a model school, is the first of its kind in the Western Region. It was built of bamboo and provides a light, airy, spacious and comfortable learning environment for children in Shama. According to the District Education Office in Shama, the school, which was established in 2013, accommodates over a hundred school children.
Plate 9: The Amenano Model School.
This model school is beneficial to fisher folk residing in Shama and nearby villages. According to the director of supervision at the District Education Office in Shama, the school serves as a ‘safe haven’ where fish traders keep their children while they (fish traders) are away at the market places or at the landing beaches. Fish traders, when interviewed, attested to this. This is what a 30 year old fish trader says, “The school is good news in this community because when we go out to the beach or to the market place, we need a place to put our children. Also, before the Amenano School was built, our children used to start school at a much older age (between 8 years and above) because the schools in Shama did not have nursery departments”. The school is therefore an important asset for the community since apart from its basic aim of providing education and training for their children, it helps the fish trading business by providing the children of fish traders with a day care facility.
Also, Tullow Oil has initiated the ‘Livelihood Enhancement and Enterprise Development’ project, in which they assist fishing and other communities with basic entrepreneurship skills including micro or small-enterprise development, livelihood training, and capacity building. The project involves business planning and book keeping, accessing credit, marketing of products, and alternative fishing livelihood skills such as carpentry and soap making. Training
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sessions are organized for fishermen and fish traders. Out of the 28 fisher folk, only one of the canoe owners interviewed (secondary school graduate) commended Tullow Oil for this project, “Pictures are taken of us and a lot of training sessions are organized for us. These training sessions are mostly about entrepreneurship and business strategies. They are mostly organized at our sports stadium here in Shama. I am part of them. I have even been a leader during one of the training programs. To be honest with you, some of the training organized enlighten us and are eye openers for the fishing business”. Since he was the only informant who has a secondary education, he has been able to utilize the knowledge about book keeping and business planning acquired from these training sessions while the lower educated and illiterate informants were unable to utilize the knowledge they had acquired.
Knowledge acquired from training about alternative livelihood skills (soap making and carpentry) was however not practiced by fisher folk. All the 28 fishermen and fish traders interviewed indicated that they had members of their last generations involved in fishing and fish trading activities into which they (fish traders and fishermen interviewed) were introduced. The importance of fishing on the social and cultural background of fishermen and fish traders should therefore not be underestimated. Also, the thought of starting a new business was not appealing to fisher folk. They are therefore reluctant diversifying into new livelihoods that would affect their cultural and social background, yield lesser profits and required new skills. Fishermen and fish traders claimed they rather needed direct fishery related assistance in the areas of rising costs of fishing inputs including premix fuel.
Furthermore, two improved fish preservation techniques have also been implemented in Shama by Tullow Oil. The first fish preservation technique is a safer and more environmentally friendly oven for fish traders. The use of the “chorkor smoker” for fish smoking exposes fish traders to harmful smoke which is detrimental to their health (Lawson et al., 2012). According to a representative of Tullow Oil, their company therefore thought it wise to introduce this new oven to fish traders. This oven is described as an improved version of the “chorkor smoker” used by fish traders. “Also, we have improved the structure of their ovens. The ones they use give them eye problems because of the smoke. The improved version is expensive because the materials used in building it. It is around GH¢2500 [US$833.3]. What we have therefore done is to provide a model sample of that oven. We want them to sample it and see how good it is. And if you need one, we link you to the project implementers. It is for the six coastal districts and Shama also benefited from it” (Official of Tullow Oil). Bentsir and Apo were provided with one sample oven each.
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With regards to the oven’s use and impact, fish traders in Shama claim that it was not beneficial to their smoking business. They attribute this to several reasons. The first reason given is the type of fish they smoke (large pelagic fishes such as tuna and shark). According to them, the oven is too small to accommodate all their fish and will therefore delay their fish smoking process. The second reason given is that the newly provided oven smokes the fish too dry. They argued that smoking the fish very dry yields lower prices in the market. Also, the new improved oven is expensive to build (GH¢2500 equivalent to US$833.3). Building a traditional oven is much cheaper costing GH¢200 (equivalent to US$66.7). The ovens have therefore been left unused.
Plate 10: Sample oven at Apo landing beach. The picture on the right shows cobwebs inside the oven indicating that it has not been used for a long while.
The second fish preservation technique is a low-cost ice box for storing fish. This ice box is an improved version of the ice boxes fishermen previously used. The new ice boxes help in preserving fish at sea because it can keep the ice blocks for a longer period of time. The Tullow Oil official at Shama says, “Apart from the oven, we have trained carpenters in the new ice box construction. If you go to Shama you can see some of them there. They have one already but ours was an improved version that can keep the ice blocks for long. And what is unique about that training is that we have trained local people who can construct it
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themselves. I am talking about the ice box. If you need one, you just contact them and they will do it for you. And this project has gone on for two years”.
An elder at the Apo landing beach attests to this, “There is this new company [Tullow Oil] that has come to build a new oven for us. They also brought an improved form of the ice box we take to sea. When we use that ice box, the ice blocks take longer before they melt. They provided samples of these things so if you think you are interested then you can order for one”. The new improved ice box is now widely used by fishermen in Shama. Keeping fish in ice blocks, as indicated by Shawyer and Medina Pizzali (2003: 1), prolongs the length of time available for fishing trips thereby enhancing an increase in fish catch, makes available best- quality fish to the consumer and yields higher prices and better returns for fisher folk.
Plate 11: An improved ice box.