Las transiciones de los jóvenes: definición y tipos

The test strain, Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis ATCC 35640 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA).

NYG broth (0.8% nutrient broth, 0.5% yeast extract, and 0.1% glucose) was used for the antibacterial assay. The nutrient broth was purchased from

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BBL Microbiology System (Cockeysville, MD). The yeast extract was obtained from Difco Lab (Detroit, MI).

The cells of S. choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis ATCC 35640 were precultured in 3 ml of NYG broth without shaking at 37°C for 16 h. The preculture was used for the following antibacterial assay and time kill study. The test compounds were first dissolved in DMF and the highest concentration tested was 1600 µg/ml. It should be noted however that higher concentrations reported might not be accurate because of their solubility limitation in the water-based medium. The final concentration of DMF in each medium was 1%, which did not affect the growth of the test strain. Broth macrodilution methods were used as previously described (Kubo et al., 1995a) with slight modifications. Briefly, serial 2-fold dilutions of the test compounds were prepared in DMF, and 30 µl of each dilution was added to 3 mL of NYG broth. These were inoculated with 30 µl of preculture of S. choleraesuis. After the cultures were incubated at 37°C for 24 h, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest concentration of the test compound that demonstrated no visible growth. The MBC was determined as follows. After the determination of the MIC, 100-fold dilutions with drug-free NYG broth from each tube showing no turbidity were incubated at 37°C for 48 h. The MBC was the lowest concentration of the test compound that showed no visible growth in the drug-free cultivation.

The bactericidal activity of the selected compounds was confirmed by the time kill curve experiment. The cultivation with each compound was done the same as the above MIC assay. Samples were withdrawn at selected time points, and serial dilutions were performed in sterile saline before the samples were plated onto NYG agar plates. After the plates were incubated at 37°C for 16 h, colony forming units (CFU) were estimated.

It should be noted that the MIC and MBC values against S. choleraesuis were noted to be variable in some degree. The maximum extent and rate of antimicrobial activity is known to vary with the experimental conditions such as the seed culture mediums, the physiological age of the culture, and the type of culture medium. The variation observed may be caused in part by volatilization of the test compounds from the test medium during the incubation. This postulate can be supported by the observation that the nonvolatile compounds tested, such as polygodial, were relatively constant compared to that of volatile (2E)-hexenal. Nonetheless, the activity against S. choleraesuis seems to be more affected in general by experimental conditions compared to other microorganisms.

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to ABEP, Pará, Brazil for the opportunity to explore this interesting science, Dr. S.H. Lee and Dr. H. Muroi for obtaining the antibacterial activity data at earlier stage of the work, and Dr. H.

Haraguchi and Dr. D.G. Hammond for performing the respiratory inhibition assay.

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Introduction

Huge efforts are continuously being made in finding effective remedies for the control of malaria. Globally, malaria remains one of the most infectious diseases, which is also life threatening, infects about half a billion people resulting in the death of between 1.5 and 2.7 persons, annually with a high mortality rate among children (WHO, 1997, 2000a; Snow et al., 2001). The observed increase in morbidity and mortality is attributed to the loss of effectiveness of readily available and effective chemotherapeutic agents to the malaria parasite (Ollairo and Bloland, 2001). Malaria is caused by the apicomplex parasite, Plasmodium. It has four main species affecting humans namely: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malaraie and P. ovale. By far, P.

falciparum is the most virulent and widespread etiological agent for human malaria.

The disease occurs in well over 100 countries and territories. More than 40% of the earth’s population is at risk including large areas of Africa, Central and South America, South East Asia and the Middle East. Over 90% of the cases of malaria occur in Sub-Saharan Africa and this has contributed in no small measure to increased mortality and economic hardships in the developing world. In USA, about 1200 cases of malaria are diagnosed yearly (Roll back malaria, 1998; Marsh, 1998; Breman, 2001;

Ohaeri, 2004).

The importance of plants as a source of new antimalarial as well as vector control agents is the highlight of this chapter. The urgent need to

Natural Chemotherapeutic Agents