4.2 Localización del Proyecto
4.2.1 Macro Localización 40-
4.3.2.1 Lavado
U.S. suppliers of professional services represent a significant share of total U.S. services trade and are particularly competitive in the world market. U.S. trade in professional services accounted for 19 percent of total U.S. cross-border exports and 18 percent of U.S. cross- border imports in 2007.24 Additionally, U.S. trade in professional services yielded a
substantial cross-border trade surplus in that year, with U.S. exports of such services ($90.6 billion) far exceeding U.S. imports of professional services ($60.0 billion). Management and consulting services account for the largest share of U.S. professional services trade (figure 2.4), accounting for 27 percent of U.S. professional services exports and 34 percent of U.S. professional services imports. The United Kingdom (12 percent) accounted for the largest single-country share of U.S. professional services exports in 2007, followed by Canada and Japan (7 percent each), and Ireland and Germany (5 percent each). The United Kingdom was also the largest importer of U.S. professional services, accounting for 17 percent of such services in 2007. Canada (12 percent), India (9 percent), Germany (8 percent), and Japan (5 percent) were the next-largest importers of U.S. professional services in that year.25
The United States is also competitive in the provision of professional services through foreign affiliates. Sales of professional services by foreign affiliates of U.S. firms totaled $108.1 billion in 2006, far surpassing purchases of professional services from U.S. affiliates of foreign firms, which totaled at least $48.2 billion.26 Professional services represented a
significant share of total U.S. affiliate services transactions, accounting for 13 percent of services sold by U.S.-owned foreign affiliates and about 8 percent of services purchased from foreign-owned U.S. affiliates in 2006. In that year, computer systems design and related services accounted for the largest share of sales of professional services by foreign
affiliates of U.S. firms (48 percent) (figure 2.5), while advertising accounted for the largest share of purchases of professional services from foreign-owned U.S. affiliates (43 percent).
Management & consulting 27% Education 17%
R&D and testing 16%
Computer & information 14%
Legal 7%
Architectural, engineering, & technical services 6% Industrial engineering 4%
Advertising 4% Medical 3%
Accounting & related services 1%
Exports
Management & consulting 34%
Computer & information 25%
R&D and testing 19% Education 8% Advertising 3%
Accounting & related services 3% Legal 3%
Industrial engineering 3%
Architectural, engineering, & technical services 2% Medical 1%
Imports
FIGURE 2.4 Professional services: U.S. cross-border exports and imports, by industry, 2007a
Source: USDOC, BEA, Survey of Current Business, table 1, October 2008, 38–39.
Note: Trade data exclude public-sector transactions. aData m ay not equal 100 percent due to rounding.
Total = $60.0 billion Total = $90.6 billion
Advertising 43%
Computer systems design & related services 31%
Architectural, engineering, & technical services 18% Managem ent, scientific, & technical 5%
Education 1% Other 2%
Computer system s design & related services 48%
Architectural, engineering, & technical services 15%
Managem ent, scientific, & technical 12% Advertising 11% Legal 2%
Education 2%
Healthcare & social assistance 1% Other 8%
FIGURE 2.5 Professional services: Transactions by affiliates, by industry, 2007a
Total = $108.1 billion
Total = $48.2 billion
Purchases from U.S. affiliates of foreign firmsd Sales by foreign affiliates of U.S. firmsb
aData m ay not equal 100 percent due to rounding.
b
Services supplied by majority-owned f oreign affiliates of U.S. parent firms. c
Includes scientific research and development services ($3.4 billion) and other professional, scientific, and technical services ($5.2 billion). Accounting, bookkeeping, payroll services, and specialized design services data were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual companies.
d
Services supplied by majority-owned U.S. affiliates of f oreign parent firms.
eIncludes accounting, bookkeeping, and payroll services ($38 million); specialized design services ($57
million); and scientific research and development services ($984 million). Legal and healthcare & social assistance data were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual companies.
Source: USDOC, B EA, Survey of Current Business, table 9.2 and 10.2, October 2008, 60, 62.
Note: Trade data exclude public-sector transactions.
e c
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1 An advertisement is a paid announcement, delivered through a public medium, that promotes a particular
product, service, or idea.
2 Traditional media comprise printed matter, such as newspapers and magazines; broadcast media,
including television and radio; cable and satellite television; direct mail; outdoor advertising (e.g., billboards); the Yellow Pages; and the Internet.
3 Advertising firms refer to advertising holding companies, their subsidiary agencies, and independent
advertising agencies. An advertising conglomerate consists of a holding company and its subsidiary agencies. The terms “conglomerate” and “holding company” are used interchangeably in this discussion.
4 Standard & Poor’s, Industry Surveys: Advertising, August 9, 2007, 7–8, 18. Since most advertisers
prefer not to be represented by an agency that handles products or services from competing advertisers, advertising conglomerates allow their subsidiary agencies to remain independent and compete with each other, even though they are owned by the same parent company.
5 ZenithOptimedia representative, e-mail message to Commission staff, March 3, 2009. Advertising
revenue data are not directly comparable to national advertising expenditure data. Expenditure figures may include agency commissions or production costs, which do not generate revenue for media owners. Also, some advertising expenditures are reported as gross rather than net figures (i.e., not taking into account negotiated discounts which can be substantial), so the revenue figure can end up much smaller than the reported expenditure.
6 Standard & Poor’s, Industry Surveys: Advertising, August 9, 2007, 7–8, 18.
7 Local presence is also sometimes required under restrictive regulations.