Capítulo II Marco Teórico 15
2.1.5. Lean Six Sigma
http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijamh.2009.21.1/ijamh.2009.21.1.101/ijamh.2009.2
1.1.101.xml
This study examined the sexual behaviour of female out-of-school adolescents and identified factors that influence their sexual behaviour. The cross-sectional study was conducted among a representative sample of unmarried, out-of-school female adolescents (n = 332, mean age 17 years), selected using cluster sampling, who were working in a major market (Mushin) in Lagos, South-West, Nigeria. Data were collected using interviewer administered questionnaires. Many girls (43.7 percent) had had sexual intercourse. The mean age at initiation was 16 years. The main reason for initiation was curiosity. Risky sexual behaviour and transactional sex was common. Non-consensual sex was also reported. Sexual health knowledge was poor, and friends served as their main source of information on sexual health issues. Factors associated with the initiation of sexual activity were friends’ sexual behaviour, the person adolescents resided with, parents’ marital status, availability of funds to meet basic needs, and watching pornography.
Owoaje, E. T., & Uchendu, O. C. (2009). Sexual risk behaviour of street youths in south
west Nigeria. East African Journal of Public Health, 6(3):274–279. Article available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20803918
This survey was conducted to determine the sexual risk behaviours of young people on the streets of Ibadan, South-west, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among youth aged 15–24 years in the major markets, motor parks, and commercial areas in two local government areas in Ibadan. Participants in the study areas were identified in groups based on their occupational activity and all consenting young people were interviewed. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on sexual behaviours, condom use, and history of sexually transmitted infections. Most (68.8 percent) were males, 79.0 percent were sexually experienced, and the median age at sexual debut for males was 15 years and 16 years for females. More females (53.9 percent) compared to males (34.5 percent) reported that their first partners were five or more years older (p < 0.01). Condom use during the first sexual intercourse was reported by only 32.2 percent. Sex with a commercial sex worker or exchange of sex for money was reported by 18.2 percent (20.6 percent of males versus 12.2 percent of females, p = 0.01). Factors significantly associated with history of transactional sex were male gender, older age (20–24 years), being out-of-school, and regular alcohol use. Multiple sexual partnerships were reported by 58.2 percent; significant predictors were male gender, early age at sexual debut, regular alcohol use, and history of transactional sex. Inconsistent condom use was reported by 44.8 percent; the predictors were female gender, regular alcohol use, and history of transactional sex in the previous year.
Sangowawa, A. O., Owoaje, E. T., Faseru, B., Ebong, I. P., & Adekunle, B. J. (2009).Sexual
practices of deaf and hearing secondary school students in Ibadan, Nigeria. Annals of
Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine, 7(1):26–30. Article available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4111003/
The objective of the study was to compare the sexual practices of hearing impaired students with their non- hearing impaired counterparts. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. All consenting deaf students and an equal number of hearing students attending a halfway school in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria participated. A total of 78 deaf students and 74 hearing students with mean ages of 17.1 (S.D. ± 3.0) and 15.8 (S.D. ± 1.9) years, respectively, participated. Twenty-six (33.3 percent) deaf and 36 (48.6 percent) hearing students had ever had sexual intercourse (p = 0.055). Median ages at sexual debut were 16 and 14 years for the deaf and hearing students, respectively. The number of sexual partners ever had ranged from 1 to 8 among the deaf and 1 to 6 among the hearing students. Four (15.4 percent) deaf and 23 (63.9 percent) hearing students reported that they had used a condom the last time they had sexual intercourse.
Van der Maas, F., & Otte, W. M. (2009). Evaluation of HIV/AIDS secondary school peer
education in rural Nigeria. Health Education Research, 24(4):547–557. Article available
at: http://her.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/4/547.long
In this study, investigators assessed whether peer education was an effective method of HIV/AIDS awareness, in terms of knowledge, misconception, and behaviour, among adolescents in a rural area of Nigeria (Izzi, Ebonyi State, South eastern, Nigeria). A comparative case series (n = 250), cross-sectional structured survey (n = 135), and focus group discussions (n = 80) were undertaken among adolescents. In both the case series and structured survey, a questionnaire was used which addressed the following issues: socio-demography, knowledge on transmission and prevention of HIV, accessibility to different sources of HIV/AIDS information, stigmatization, and sexual behaviour. Binary logistic regression was applied to compare responses from the peer-educated and non peer-educated populations. The model was adjusted for confounders. Investigators demonstrated increased knowledge and decreased misconception and sexual risk behaviour in adolescents receiving peer education when compared to adolescents not receiving peer education. These differences were apparent both over time (2005–2007) and cross-sectionally (2007).
Adedimeji, A. A., Heard, N. J., Odutolu, O., & Omololu, F. O. (2008). Social factors, social
support and condom use behaviour among young urban slum inhabitants in southwest
Nigeria. East African Journal of Public Health, 5(3):215–222. Article available at:
http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?lp08040
This study used survey data to examine the effect of social factors and social support on condom use among economically disadvantaged adolescents living in urban slums in Ibadan, South-West, Nigeria. It examined the extent to which beliefs and self-efficacy about condoms, risk perception, and perceived social support act as predictors of use or non-use of condoms among sexually active young people aged 15–24 years. Data was obtained from sexually active boys (448) and girls (338) selected through multistage sampling techniques. Generally, there were low levels of condoms use, despite high levels of risky sexual behaviour. Although, half of boys and one third of girls reported ever using condoms, a considerably lower proportion of male and female adolescents regularly used condoms. Among those who reported ever using condoms, 61.7 percent of males aged 15–19 and 62.1 percent of males aged 20–24 did not use a condom during their last sexual activity. The proportion among females was 64.8 percent among those aged 15–19 and 70.1 percent among those aged 20–24 years. Logistic regression models showed that among girls, those who perceived social support from peers and non-parental figures were more likely to use condoms while among boys, earning an income, high risk perception, and self-efficacy were associated with higher odds of condom use.
Aomreore, A. A., & Alikor, E. A. (2008). Prevalence of major HIV- risk related behaviour
among SSS3 students in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. African Journal of Health
Sciences, 15, 42–49. Article available at: http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?jh08008
This cross-sectional survey among 1,800 third year senior secondary school students examined their HIV infection risk-related behaviours. The participants were randomly selected from 13 secondary schools in Port Harcourt, South-South, Nigeria using a 2-stage sampling technique. Demographic data and information on the sexual behaviour of each student in the study group was obtained from a self-administered structured questionnaire. The prevalence of sexual intercourse was 61.1 percent. Males were more sexually active than females. Age at first sexual intercourse was 13.2±5.6 years for males and 13.9±4.1 years for females. Of the sexually active students, 32.6 percent had multiple sexual partners. Sexual activity of the students did not increase with age. The prevalence of intravenous drug use was found to be 1.4 percent. The use of intravenous drugs was more among the males (80.8 percent) than among the females. Among the sexually active students only 437 (36.9 percent) used condoms. Sex of student, social class, and school were significant predictors of ever-had sexual activity.
Amoran, O. E., & Fawole, O. (2008). Parental influence on reproductive health behaviour of
youths in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Science, 37(1):21–27.
Abstract available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756851
Article available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23223210_Parental_influence_on_reproducti
ve_health_behaviour_of_youths_in_Ibadan_Nigeria
This cross-sectional study was carried out to document parental influence on the reproductive health behaviour of youth (n=274) in Idikan community, Ibadan, South-Western, Nigeria. Information on the socio- demographic characteristics, parental communication, parental monitoring, and sexual practices of respondents were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Examples of liberal parental monitoring include parents allowing youth to go out at will on social outings or with parental consent while conservative parental monitoring examples include parents restricting the youth’s movements and the youth only going out when parents were not at home or had to lie to go on social outings. The mean age of the respondents was 17.6 +/- 12.5 years. One hundred and eleven (40.5 percent) were sexually active. The overall mean age at first sexual intercoursewas 15.2 +/- 3.0 years (males = 15.4 +/- 3.5 years, females 14.90 +/- 2.6 years). Fifty-two (19.0 percent) respondents used condoms regularly. More out-of-school youth (42.2 percent) were sexually active than those in-school (38.7 percent). More youth with a secondary school
education (50.8 percent) used condoms regularly than those with a primary education (40.4 percent). Mothers were more involved in family life education than fathers (40.9 percent vs. 16.8 percent) and family life education was found to promote condom use. Predictors of regular condom use among the youth were comprehensive family life education by mothers (OR = 6.24, C.I = 2.47-15.75, p = 0.001), respondents' level of education (OR = 0.415, C.I = 0.211-0.814 p = 0.011), and occupation (OR = 0.48, C.I = 0.24-0.95 p = 0.034). While comprehensive family life education by mothers (OR = 2.11, C.I = 1.04-4.28, p = 0.038), female gender (OR = 2.2, C.I = 1.28-3.83 p = 0.005), and liberal monitoring pattern by mother (OR = 2.16, C.I = 1.03-4.53 p = 0.04) were predictors of increased sexual activity.
Akpabio, I. I., Asuzu, M. C., Fajemilehin, B. R, & Ofi, A. B. (2008–2009). Effects of parental
involvement in HIV/AIDS preventive education on secondary student knowledge about
transmission and prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Quarterly of
Community Health Education, 29(1) 71–87. Article available at:
http://qch.sagepub.com/content/29/1/71.full.pdf
This intervention study used a pre-/post-test design with two intervention groups (IG1 and IG2) and a control group, selected from three urban secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State. This study investigated HIV preventive health education involving nurses alone (IG1) and another involving both nurses and trained parents/guardians (IG2) on students’ knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention in Akwa Ibom State, South-South, Nigeria. Subjects included 339 students selected through a multistage and stratified random sampling technique. Data were obtained using a questionnaire, and analysis involved the use of analysis of covariance, multiple classification analysis, and Scheffe’s post-hoc test. Results show that students exposed to parental involvement had significantly better mean scores on knowledge of prevention (IG2: x = 7.51; IG1: x = 6.96 control: x = 3.82). Furthermore, although the male students had a significantly higher mean score with the intervention involving only nurses, the females had a higher mean score with intervention involving both nurses and trained parents/guardians.