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It was in the early 20th century when certain parts of the world made a taught to put limitations and regulations and fix a boundary for the industries using water bodies for their waste outlet.

During 1900 the US government made a few legislations keeping the water qualities in mind, the main objectives were:

• Removal of Suspended solids and floatable material in the waste water. • Treatment of bio-degradable composition in the waste water.

• Elimination of pathogenic organisms.

However a report in the early 1950s mentioned that the industries are not following the legislative limitations to a very good extent. This enforced the implementation of strict acts and boundaries on the industries. This led to the amendment of Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1972, which was also known as the Clean Water Act. This was one of the major moves by the US environmental agencies, which had some drastic changes on the waste treatment techniques. Due to this amendment the industries had to implement newer trends for waste water treatment to see to that they are not violating the rules put under the Clean Water Act.

The main objective of the Clean Water Act was to maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Nations waters. This was also known to be the most major Act

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passed by the US government as this is a basis to the new technologies and the current ones as well.

According to Section 304(d) of The Public Law 92-500, the US Environmental Protection Agency published its definition of secondary treatment in 1973. But major revisions were made regarding treatment of sewer wastes and regarding the standards allowed after treatment in 1985.

Then soon after in the year 1987, the Water Quality Act was amended. This was known to be a major revision to the Clean Water Act.

The main objectives of the Water Quality Act were to:

• Strengthening of federal water quality regulations. • Amending the CWA’s formal sludge control program.

• Providing funding for state and EPA studies for defining the sources of pollutants.

• Priorities and permit requirements for storm water.

• Construction grants and financing publicly owned treatment works.

This has been the present act under use and is been amended in terms of standard levels of pollutants allowed after treatment.

The EU prospective on textile industries:

Water pollution legislations started to amend from the 1970s in the European unions. They basically have three major considerations or can be put down as three main pillars of the legislations on textile waste water treatment.

• “Directives on waste water treatment and on nitrates from agricultural process, 1991” (The Nitrates Directive 91/676/EEC)

• “Flagship of EU Water Policy and Legislation, 2000” (Water Framework Directive)

The directive was mainly to maintain the water qualities in the water resources like the rivers and seas which were polluted very severely due to the industrial let-outs and the toxic elements present in the industrial wastes.

The standards mentioned by the above directives are: Biological Oxygen Demand – 25 mg/l

Chemical Oxygen Demand – 125 mg/l Total Nitrogen – 15 mg/l

98 Total Phosphorus – 2 mg/l

There are a several ambitious environmental objectives and deadlines set by the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive till date. The European Commission has amended the legislation as to implement these deadlines one by one in a step by step procedure. The previous reports concluded as follows:

• The actions on maintaining the water quality in the rivers: • Reduction of BOD levels by 20 to 30 %

• Reduction of total phosphorus by 30 to 35 % • Total nitrogen levels to be cut down to 40%

• The actions on maintaining the water quality in the seas: Improved water qualities in Baltic Sea and Mediterranean Sea.

• Member states like Austria, Denmark and Germany have shown improvements in water qualities compared to previous years by using step by step

implementation.

• In the future more advanced treatment technologies have to be implemented for maintaining the water qualities.

There are several other countries which deal with treatment standards in different ways according to their present situations. Some of the under developing countries have no strict rules. Having strict limitations and restrictions will definitely affect the development of the industry in turn affects the development of the country. Therefore these limitations may vary for some developing countries like the Asian countries, etc.

Some of the standards mentioned recently by one of the developed countries in been mentioned in the table which follows the data. It is clear that these standards are not as low as they are in some developed countries.

One of the major countries dealing with the textiles is Bangladesh, a small country in Asian Sub-Continent. Below are the few standards mentioned by the Government of Bangladesh. TABLE 15

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Source: The Environmental Conservation Rules 1997.

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