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MO035

Seabird-derived contaminants and genotoxicity in Collembola from the Arctic

S. Kristiansen, University of Oso / Department of Biosciences; K. Hylland, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway / Department of Biosciences; H. Leinaas, University of Oslo / Department of Biosciences; G.W. Gabrielsen, Norwegian Polar Institute; D. Herzke, NILU Norwegian Institute for Air Research; K. Borga, Department of Bioscences, University of Oslo / Department of Biosciences

Seabirds occupy high trophic positions and due to biomagnification their bodies contain high concentrations of many anthropogenic contaminants. In the Arctic they have been shown to function as important biovectors of contaminants from ocean to land. The tundra near bird cliffs is heavily influenced by nutritious and contaminant-enriched guano and is generally characterised by rich and diverse vegetation. In these areas, springtails (Collembola) contribute to a high proportion of the soil fauna biomass. They play a vital role in soil ecosystem processes such as decomposition and mineralization. The aim of this study was to determine the exposure, accumulation and effects of seabird-derived contaminants on

Collembola. Two Collembola species and their habitat (soil/moss) were sampled at 7 sites with high, medium and low seabird influence in West Spitsbergen, Svalbard, and analysed for a wide range of organic contaminants, mercury (Hg), and stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ13_{C and δ}15_{N, respectively). In addition,} Collembola were analysed for genotoxic responses, i.e the amount of DNA strand breaks and micronucleus frequency. Seabird influence (indicated by δ15_{N) and} contaminant concentrations were indicated to be higher in soil/moss sampled closer to the bird cliffs (0–150 m) compared to further away (250–400 m) within the same site. When comparing among sites, however, no association between δ15_{N and} contaminant load was found. The total contaminant loads in habitat samples were dominated by Hg, while no trend was found for organic contaminants. Contaminant concentrations in Collembola were dominated by Hg, followed by

hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and chlordanes (CHLs). No association was observed between contaminant concentrations in Collembola and habitat. DNA fragmentation was higher in Collembola from sites with high seabird influence, compared to sites with medium and low. No differences in micronucleus frequency (MN) was found between sites or species. This is the first study on MN in Collembola and should be further explored. DNA fragmentation, sensitivity to induced DNA fragmentation and micronucleus frequency were associated with both δ15_{N and contaminant levels, increasing with concentrations of lower} chlorinated PCBs and CHLs. The sensitivity to induced oxidative stress was negatively correlated with higher chlorinated PCBs (6-7 chlorine substituents).

MO036

Higher contaminants and poorer condition in an Antarctic avian top predator from 2001 to 2013

H.K. Midthaug, Department of Bioscences, University of Oslo / Department of Bioscences; J.O. Bustnes, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research / Fram Centre; A. Polder, Norwegian University of Life Sciences / Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology; K. Borga, Department of Bioscences, University of Oslo / Department of Biosciences

Risks associated with chemical exposure to the Antarctic ecosystem has been considered low. However, recent investigations have shown that south polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki) has the highest levels of biomagnifying contaminants among Antarctic seabirds. The present study quantifies OHC levels in south polar skua blood, and evaluate associations between contaminant occurrence, diet, trophic position, biological variables and day of sampling. Furthermore, the study investigates temporal change of organochlorine contaminant (OCs) by comparing with previous data from the same colony, collected during the season of 2001/2002. South polar skuas were sampled during the breeding season of 2013/2014 in Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Whole blood was analyzed for 87 OHCs of which 56 were detected. Stable isotope ratio of carbon (d13_{C) and nitrogen} (d15_{N) in blood, were used to determine carbon source and relative trophic position,} respectively. In 2013/2014, predominant contaminants were Mirex (8484 ng/g lw) and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (3561 ng/g lw). These levels were higher than those reported from other south polar colonies and Antarctic seabirds at similar ecological niches. Multivariate analysis indicated that skuas sampled late in the breeding season had higher concentration of perfluoralkyl substances (PFASs) and lower relative contribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and

polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Due to low intraspecific variance in d13_C and d15_{N, no significant associations were found between OHCs and isotopes.} However, lack of associations could also be due to influence of migration, wintering habitat and different turnover rates in OHCs and isotopes. Skuas from 2013/2014 had significantly higher concentrations of most OCs and a lower body condition than skuas from 2001/2002. ∑PCB, Mirex and HCB increased with 105%, 40% and 60%, respectively, between 2001/2002 and 2013/2014. Ratios of Mirex/∑PCB and Mirex/HCB decreased between the two seasons, suggesting stabilizing Mirex levels and possibly declining levels in the future. Further studies should elucidate the effects of wintering grounds and diet, as well as the level and contaminant occurrence in Antarctic Petrel (Thalassoica Antarctica), the main prey

of south polar skua during the breeding season. Keywords: Antarctic, south polar skua, stable isotopes, temporal variation, OHC

MO037

Evaluation of malformations induced by a hospital effluent of Toluca (Estado de México) in Lithobates catesbeianus

H. Islas-Flores, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico / Toxicología Ambiental; I. Pérez-Alvarez, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico / Environmental Toxicology; L. Gómez-Oliván, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico / Chemistry; M. Galar-Martinez, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; N. SanJuan-Reyes, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico / Chemistry; O. Dublan-García, University Autonoma del Estado De Mexico / Chemistry; M. Hernández-Navarro, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico / Toxicology

Hospital effluents are important from the ecotoxicological point of view and are an important source of pollutants emission, among which are pharmaceutical products, chemical residues, radioelements, disinfectants and heavy metals, among others, which are waste of daily activities and has reported that they can reach concentrations between 4 and 150 times higher than those detected in municipal effluents. In addition to this, they usually do not have adequate pre-treatment before their emission, so they can be mixed with other effluents from homes , industries and municipal wastewater, which can subsequently generate interactions, enhance effects and create synergies, which lead to induce adverse effects on the environment. so it is important to study. The Estado de Mexico is located in the center of the country and is considered the entity with the largest population and according to data reported in 2015, it has 1835 medical units of different levels of care. On the other hand, Lithobates catesbeianus is a species considered native of the state and has been proposed by the government as an alternative to food supplement (due to its protein content). Due to the aforementioned, the objective of this work was to evaluate the malformations generated by a hospital effluent of Toluca, Estado de México in this species and compare with Xenopus laevis, a species that is used as a preferred bioindicator, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX). For this purpose oocytes in mid-blastula transition were exposed for 96 h to six different concentrations of the effluent (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1%), subsequently, the mean lethal concentration (LC50) effective

concentration inducing 50% malformation (EC50), and the teratogenic index (TI) was obtained. Results indicates that lower concentrations of the hospital effluent induced slightly higher malformations and lethal effects in X. laevis

(EC50=0.132%, LC50=0.508%, IT=3.8) and in L. catesbeianus (EC50=0.351%, LC50=1.431%, TI=4.0), the main alterations being microcephaly, cardiac and facial edema, malformations in the eye, notochord, tail, fin and intestine. However, the highest TI of L. catesbeianus indicates a higher probability that embryos exposed to this hospital effluent will be malformed in the absence of mortality compared to X. laevis. and therefore, can be considered as a sensitive and useful species to evaluate toxic effects of contaminants with the FETAX assay.

MO038

Monitoring fish health in a densely populated catchment in Central Germany

M. Schweizer, University of Tuebingen / Animal Physiological Ecology; A. Dieterich, S. Betz, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen / Animal Physiological Ecology; N. Corral Morillas, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; C. Dewald, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen / Animal Physiological Ecology; D. Leim, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; L. Miksch, S. Nelson, V. Prozmann, J. Rüschhoff, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen / Animal Physiological Ecology; R. Triebskorn, University of Tuebingen / Animal Physiological Ecology; H. Köhler, University of Tubingen / Animal Physiological Ecology

In the frame of the joint project NiddaMan coordinated by the Goethe University Frankfurt/Main we investigated health parameters of fish from the River Nidda and its tributaries Horloff and Usa in Central Germany. The Nidda river system is regarded as a typical river system for central Europe as it passes a very densely populated area and as it is heavily influenced by anthropogenic factors including agriculture, communal waste water and industrial discharges. To get a broad overview of the situation fish face in this river system and the resulting effects, we investigated biological parameters on different levels: (I) Evaluation of water and sediment samples from the field with the Danio rerio embryo test (Dar-T), including the endpoints mortality, hatching success, heart rate, developmental delays and malformations. (II) Investigation of fish health by histopathology of actively (caged rainbow trout) and passively monitored (caught feral) fish focussing on the metabolically most important organ, the liver. (III) Additional inclusion of biomarker data like EROD activity (CYP1A1, indicating pollution with dioxin-like compounds) and number of micronuclei (genotoxicity) within erythrocytes. Results show that the river system – from a biological point of view – is not in a good (as demanded by the EU Water Framework Directive) but rather in a moderate to unsatisfactory condition throughout most of its stretch, whereas upstream areas mainly perform worse than sampling sites downstream. This is noticeable in results obtained by the Dar-T, in particular. However, histopathology of the liver from monitored fish upstream and downstream in general showed vacuolisations, inflammations, haemorrhages in the tissue, and even some necrosis. Our results revealed that, in the case of the Nidda and its tributaries, there is an urgent demand for action to strongly improve the biological integrity of this system.

MO039

Multigenrational toxicity of Fipronil to Folsomia candida

D.d. Oliveira, C.M. Reganhan Coneglian, SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY UNICAMP; V.B. Menezes-Oliveira, Universidade de Sao Paulo / Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation

Fipronil is a pesticide widely used on agricultural pest control, especially in sugarcane crops. This compound acts as an inhibitor of nerve signals in insects, and pose as a risk to non-target terrestrial organisms (i.e. the collembolan Folsomia

candida), which plays important roles in the maintenance of soil quality. The main

objective of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects on the reproduction of three generations of the Folsomia candida species when exposed to the pesticide over time, under a natural tropical soil. Test procedures were adapted from the ISO 11267 guideline. The chosen concentrations of fipronil were based on the recommended doses (RD) for the control of the pest Migdolus fryamus in sugarcane crops (RD = 1.3 mg of the commercial product / kg-1 _{of dw soil), what} means 1.04 mg of fipronil / kg dw soil. Concentrations tested were 0.06; 0.13; 0.26 and 0.52 mg fipronil kg-1 of dry weight soil. The EC50 values were 0.21; 0.18 and 0.09 (a.i.) kg-1 _{of soil, for the first, second and third generation, respectively.} According to the results, fipronil showed significant toxicity at low concentrations up to the third generation, causing effects on the reproduction and survival of

Folsomia candida, and could be considered a highly dangerous pesticide for

terrestrial arthropod organisms.

MO040

Fipronil effects on freshwater benthic algal communities

J. Val, D. Ballestero, San Jorge University; E. Navarro, CSIC - Spanish National Research Council / Dept. Recursos marins renovables; J. López-Martínez, A.M. Mainar, Universidad de Zaragoza; M. Pino, San Jorge University / Facultad ciencias de la salud

Fipronil is a widely used broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide, effective against insects resistant to other agents as pyrethroids, organophosphates or carbamates. Accordingly, it has gained popularity worldwide as a pesticide in both agricultural and urban environments. Its wide use, resulted in the presence of fipronil in soil, surface and ground waters involving a risk to the environment and humans. In addition, humans and animals are also exposed to fipronil, by ingestion of products containing residues. Previous studies showed the toxicity of fipronil to aquatic freshwater organisms using model species, but there is scarce information about its impact on wild organisms. This study assesses, for the first time, the impact of fipronil on the photosynthesis of natural freshwater algal benthic community. This community –periphyton- is a key element of aquatic trophic chains, and is routinely used as indicators of water quality. Results show LC50 values of 0,74 mg/l (0,63-0,89) (p> 0,001), exposing periphyton to fipronil under standard medium. However, toxicity was almost inexistent when assays were done using natural river water. In this last case, the bioavailability of the fipronil was hypothetized to be reduced by natural substances present in the river water (solid suspended solids, organic matter, etc..). These results would contribute to a more realistic assessment of the environmental impacts of the use of this kind of pesticides.

MO041

Use of organophosphorus insecticides in agriculture lands, in a simple test birds says please no!

A.N. BUJDUD LEÓN, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango / Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; M. Pereda Solis, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango / FMVZ; J.H. Martinez-Guerrero, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango / Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; M. GUERRERO CERVANTES, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango / FMVZ

Due to the human population increase and the consequent high demand for food, each day a larger area of the planet is dedicated to the practice of agriculture. Crops favor the reproduction of various organisms (invertebrates and vertebrates) that are combated with large amounts of pesticides, it are chemical compounds used extensively, and so all organisms are exposed from different sources such as food, water and soil, therefore the toxicity of agrochemicals, as well as the patterns of use and misuse that is made of these compounds generates risks for the survival of the biodiversity of agroecosystems. The main pesticides used in agriculture are organophosphates (OP), they are highly toxic. In birds, the main route of intoxication to OP is through the consumption of contaminated food, although it can also occur by inhalation when flying over or inhabiting the crop fields and its surroundings. The OP affects the nervous system by inhibiting the function of cholinesterase, which is responsible for transforming the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetate. A decreased level of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in the animal tissue is a strongly indicative sign that some type of exposure to an inhibitory agent of this enzyme has occurred. Our objectives were to document ChE levels in house sparrows in response to their exposure to an OP product used in agriculture and determine the extent of their negative effects on birds. In the University Campus (UJED, Durango, Mexico), we collected 19 house sparrows and serum ChE activity was determined by spectrophotometry before and after the consumption of food treated with malathion. The results show a ChE inhibition (11.58 %) after treatment (p = 0.03), also we observed nonsignificant