It i s importan t t o not e tha t mor e progres s ha s bee n achieve d o n th e projec t objectives. T o a larg e exten t th e activitie s planne d hav e bee n accomplished . Significant incom e is yet to be realized since few participants hav e sol d chickens and eggs . Man y ar e no w tryin g to solici t fund s t o bu y mor e chickens , cockerel s and material s for constructio n of poultry enclosures . Th e delay i n establishment o f individual househol d chicke n enterprise s i s du e t o th e hig h leve l o f povert y affecting thi s community thus failing to buy construction materials. Now that, the constitution i s ready, registratio n o f the grou p i s about to b e completed , the n th e group ca n access credits fro m th e SACCO S fun d provide d by the governmen t t o every region. Apart from this fund , th e grou p stil l ca n access fund fro m th e loca l government communit y development suppor t fund .
In the cours e o f implementation of the project, th e objectiv e o n improved protein consumption wa s droppe d a s i t wa s ou t o f th e scop e o f th e projec t an d wa s difficult t o measure in terms of impact and grou p member s wer e no t intereste d i n getting involved in this objective.
For a long time loca l chicken s have bee n considere d t o b e th e primar y sourc e of protein and incom e for the poores t o f the poor . Wit h th e curren t leve l o f poverty in Tanzani a especiall y i n th e rura l area s wher e th e majorit y Tanzanian s lives , coupled with the increasin g environmental degradatio n fo r survival of ruminants , local chicke n remains th e mos t likel y alternativ e sourc e o f income an d protein . Local chicken enterprise ha s all the motivating features for a poor person to start a project. Lo w cos t investment , readil y availabl e chicken s i n ever y household , environmental friendly and increasing demand fo r local chickens makes i t feasible and lucrativ e fo r th e poo r t o engage . However , a define d an d planne d diseas e control strategy, especially New Castle Disease, using the therma l stabl e vaccin e makes th e project mor e viabl e and profitable. I t is also important that , the control strategies should involv e the whol e communit y t o ensur e efficien t protectio n o f the whole flock i n the community.
By havin g a holistic approach t o loca l chicke n development, takin g into accoun t technical a s wel l a s organizationa l aspect s lik e acces s t o credit , i t i s possibl e within a relatively short perio d to develo p poultr y productio n system s base d o n locally available resources , which may help farmers i n developing their skills and creating sustainable incom e with few inputs and big output.
7.1 Recommendations
The widel y recommende d vaccinatio n protocol of 3 months interva l has prove d failure elsewher e an d th e adopte d vaccinatio n regime o f first day , 1 4 days later, then a t on e mont h interva l fo r tw o month s consecutivel y an d the n th e norma l three months interva l is recommended. Thi s protocol gives a booster dos e an d is protective to chickens.
The tast e o f fre e rang e chicken s make s i t desirabl e b y customers . S o crossbreeding program s shoul d b e don e i n suc h a wa y that thi s trai t i s no t lost . This mean s that , bac k crossin g t o loca l cockerel s shoul d b e don e i n th e thir d generation chicks, ie F2 chickens.
Major limitatio n to projec t implementatio n wa s note d o n the constructio n o f the enclosures o f chickens during the daytime . Constructio n materials ar e expensiv e and challengin g t o th e poo r households . I t i s therefor e advisabl e tha t enoug h funds b e raise d befor e th e implementatio n o f th e projec t t o cove r fo r thi s important component o f the project .
Methods of rearing loca l chicken s have varie d from plac e to place. In most areas farmers hav e bee n advise d to completel y house th e chicken s fo r al l of their lif e time and feed them with improved feeds. Thi s approach improves productivity but it is further expensive fo r most rura l families to afford. However, this reduces th e naturality o f loca l chicken s thu s compromisin g their mos t preferre d taste . I t i s therefore recommende d tha t open enclosures ar e used for chickens during the day
time. The enclosures shoul d be big enough an d gras s an d other shrub s shoul d be left t o mimi c th e natural environmen t i n which mos t loca l chicken s ar e reared . Feeds also should be just throw n in the enclosure s an d chickens will just fin d it . Manure from different animal s can also be piled i n the are a to enhance maggots ' growth whic h i s goo d sourc e o f chickens ' feeds . Th e sem i intensiv e syste m practiced greatl y maintain s th e chickens ' mea t tast e whic h i s desire d b y mos t consumers.
The mos t strikin g proble m i n relation to villag e poultr y productio n i s th e hig h mortality rate of chickens. Mortality rate may be as high as 80 - 9 0 % (Wilson et al., 1987 ; C N A Surve y results, 2006) . Traditionally , NC D i s believed to b e th e most devastatin g diseas e i n fre e rang e system s an d th e mai n caus e o f hig h mortality. However, successful poultry production also includes the possibilit y of obtaining loan s fo r furthe r investmen t an d improvement s o f the production . In village poultr y productio n onl y smal l loan s ar e needed , bu t the y ar e mostl y impossible for the producers to get (Fattah, 1990) . Lack of reliable credit was also a majo r constraint to K I W A B U poultr y improvement project. Th e same ha s bee n experienced b y othe r organization s lik e Heife r Internationa l Tanzani a i n implementing loca l chicke n projects t o rura l poor farmers . Man y hav e faile d t o build chicken sheds or enclosures due to lac k of fund (HPI , 2007). It is therefor e recommended that before startin g loca l chicke n projects i n villages it is pertinent to consider the issue of credit which could help farmers ge t funds fo r construction of sheds . Thi s the n need s a holisti c plannin g fro m th e beginnin g s o tha t bot h technical and organizational aspects are equally considered.
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