Ley N° 29783: Ley de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo

2.3. Marco Legal

2.3.1. Ley N° 29783: Ley de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo

Appendix A – Demographic Questionnaire

Please provide us with some basic information about yourself. This information is solely collected for analysis of our target population.

Q1: Your age range: □ 18-25 □ 26-30 □ 31-35 □ 36-40 □ 41-45 □ 46-50 □ 51-55 □ 56-60 □ 61+ Q2: Gender: □ M □ F

Q3: Is English you first language? □ Yes

□ No

Q4: Your undergraduate major: ……….

Q5: Your highest degree completed: □ BA/BS

□ MS/MS

□ PhD/PostDoc

Q6: Graduate program you are currently enrolled in/just graduated: ………..

Q7: Expected year of graduation □ 2007

□ 2008 □ 2009 □ 2010

□ Other: ………..

Q8: I encounter unknown acronyms in readings: □ Never

□ Sometimes □ Frequently □ Almost always

Q9: When it comes to acronyms: (please select the sentence that most closely describes your usage)

□ I like to construct my own acronyms and use them in my writings

□ I regularly use acronyms but I mostly use already established acronyms in the field

□ I mostly use established acronyms in the field but I keep my acronym usage moderate

□ I tend to avoid using acronyms in my writings

□ I never use acronyms in my writings unless I feel that I am required to use them

Q10: When I encounter an unknown acronym in my readings, I most likely: (please select and rank all that apply

1 – first thing you would do, 2 – next thing you would do, etc.)

□ Scroll or page to find a definition …….

□ Try to guess from the context …….

□ Look it up online …….

□ Look in the acronym glossary that I own ……. □ Skip the acronym and keep reading ……. □ Other: ……… …….

Q11: How would you rate your reading speed? □ slow □ below average □ average □ above average □ fast

Appendix B – Instructions

For the control group

You will be presented a text passage containing a multitude of acronyms. Most likely, some of the acronyms will be unfamiliar to you. The text was selected from a

published article and adapted for the purposes of this study. Acronym definitions will be provided when acronyms are first introduced.

Disclaimer: the authors did not provide a definition for every single acronym in the original article. The section you are about to read might contain a limited number of acronyms that are not defined!

Try to strive for the best performance between reading speed and content comprehension.

When you are finished reading, please click the Show Questions button. You will be presented a series of questions measuring content comprehension. The questions will be presented one at a time. Every question will have only one correct answer. Select the best answer of the answer choices given on the basis of what was stated or

implied in the text passage. When in doubt, pick the most likely answer to be correct. You will have to provide an answer in order to proceed to the next question. You will not be able to revert to the previous questions, so you need to settle on your final answer before clicking the Next Question button.

For the experimental group

You will be presented a text passage containing a multitude of acronyms. Most likely some of the acronyms will be unfamiliar to you. Acronym definitions will be

provided when acronyms are first introduced. In addition, acronym definitions are available as hover text when mousing over any acronym in the text. See illustration below.

We encourage you to use this functionality of mouse-over whenever you are in doubt about the meaning of an acronym. Try to strive for the best performance between reading speed and content comprehension.

Click the Start Experiment button whenever you are ready.

Appendix C – Text

Program Description and Objectives

Africare’s Gambella Child Survival Project (GCSP) was implemented from October 1, 2000 to September 30, 2004 in 7 woredas (districts) of southwestern Ethiopia’s Gambella Region: Gambella, Itang, Gog, Jor, Abobo, Godere and Dima. Two woredas were not targeted due to security concerns. The goals of the project were: 1) to reduce infant mortality caused by diarrheal and vaccine-preventable diseases, and 2) to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS/STI s in the region. The objectives were: 1) to reduce vaccine- preventable diseases and vitamin A deficiency through full immunization and vitamin A supplementation; 2) to reduce diarrheal diseases (DD) through improved hygiene and sanitation and improved diarrhea treatment practices; and 3) to increase HIV/AIDS/STI prevention and control knowledge among women and secondary school children (aged 14-18). The project targeted 147,000 people, of which 31,200 were women of

reproductive age (WRA) and 26,800 were children under five years. The project’s HIV/AIDS intervention especially targeted 12,500 youth in public schools.

Program Accomplishments

• Provision of full immunization and vitamin A supplementation to children

through support to the Regional Health Bureau’s (RHB's) 21 static and 83 outreach sites. Support included training, cold chain equipment and transportation/logistics.

• Construction of 29 water systems (23 springs, 2 covered hand-dug wells,

equipped with hand pumps, one public water distribution point, 2 piped water supply systems for health centers and one water supply system for a public slaughter house).

• Establishment of oral re-hydration therapy (ORT) corners in public health

facilities (PHFs).

• Creation and support of HIV /AIDS/STI high school clubs and women’s groups

(commercial sex workers) with 6,272 benefiting from information/education and condom distribution.

• Strengthened capacity of public health workers (PHWs) in training, case

management and supervision skills. Continuous education through courses and workshops provided.

• Strengthened grassroots community capacity through training of community

health agents (CHAs), village health committees (VHC) and water user committees (WUCs).

• Introduction of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) to the region.

• Design, production and distribution of IEC/ BCC materials including posters and

Project Overview

In seven of southwestern Ethiopia’s Gambella Region’s nine districts, the project sought to: increase immunization coverage, control DDs (including promotion of exclusive breast feeding and appropriate weaning practices), and prevent HIV/AIDS/STI. The project objectives were: 1) to reduce vaccine-preventable diseases and vitamin A deficiency through full immunization and vitamin A supplementation (40%); 2) to reduce DDs through improved hygiene and sanitation and improved diarrhea treatment at home and in PHFs (40%) and 3) to increase HIV/AIDS/STI prevention and control knowledge among men, women and secondary school children (20%). The approaches adopted to achieve these objectives were: 1) system-level capacity strengthening, 2) community organization, education and mobilization and 3) inter-sectoral collaboration.

Progress by Intervention Area:

a) Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)

EPI was one of the project’s main interventions. The objective was to reduce vaccine- preventable diseases and vitamin A deficiency through full immunization and vitamin A supplementation. To increase vaccination activities, Africare supported the maintenance and repair of refrigerators in PHFs and secured a supply of replacement batteries for solar refrigerators through UNICEF and the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH).

The EPI program cost for the first two years was 100% covered by GCSP. During year three, the Gambella Regional Health Bureau (GRHB) covered 66% of the cost of EPI program. Africare participated in the Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI) in the region with financial support from the CORE group. Two EPI campaigns were successfully carried out in priority districts with the exception of Dima, where program activities seemed to lag behind schedule due to logistical problems.

b) Control of Diarrhea Diseases (CDD)

The major causes of diarrhea in the project area are a) lack of potable water, b) poor hygiene and sanitation, and c) lack of awareness of how to protect food and water from contamination. The project sought to increase access to potable water, improve case management of childhood diarrhea at household and community levels and to promote proper hand washing among mothers to reduce DDs in children. Activities included: 1) purchase and distribution of ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) sachets to PHFs ; 2) training of mothers and caretakers on recognition of danger signs in children under five, improved case management of diarrhea at home using ORS , including correct mixing and utilization of ORS using potable water for the re-hydration of children; 3) purchase and distribution of utensils such as measuring jugs to PHFs and 4) construction of wells and springs to increase access to potable water.

ORT corners were established in 20 of the 30 PHFs of the region. Ten thousand sachets were purchased locally and distributed by the Africare project. In support of the ORT corners, Africare purchased supplies and utensils for 20 PHFs. The project educated 9,947 people on diarrhea control.

The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has adopted IMCI as a strategy throughout the country. However, this strategy was not introduced in Gambella Region until Africare and its partner GRHB advocated for facility-based IMCI to complement the control of DDs and ARI (acute respiratory infection). The FMOH offered its support in April 2002. UNICEF provided support for the implementation of IMCI and provided training for PHWs on IMCI protocols, provision of equipment to PHFs and supervision related activities. To facilitate the introduction of IMCI, Africare and the GRHB, with the support of the Woreda Health Office (WHO), organized a three-day IMCI introductory workshop on IMCI. The facilitators for this workshop were from the FMOH and Addis Ababa University. Twenty nine PHWs from government health facilities and 3 HWs from Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) in the region participated. A twoweek IMCI case management training for higher-level PHWs was also organized by the FMOH in Hovan Region. Two PHWs drawn from GRHB and the Africare Country Office

participated in this training of trainers on IMCI case management at Jima University. The goal was to prepare PHWs to manage diarrhea in PHFs. The PHWs who acquired

knowledge of IMCI case management then taught mothers on proper home care and feeding of sick children

Various activities have been performed in the control and prevention of DDs and its case management at household and health institutions jointly by field program coordinators and PHWs from district health offices and zonal departments. Real involvement of the community, community leaders, heads of zonal health departments and district health offices in planning, implementation, monitoring and decision-making was evident to the evaluator. This participation is key to ownership and crucial to sustainability. It has created awareness in the community on the differences between contaminated water sources and safe/potable water. A slaughterhouse in Metti Town, Godere District, which formerly obtained water from an unprotected source, was provided with a piped water supply system by Africare. This has enabled the slaughterhouse to wash the floor, to clean all equipment such as knives and hooks and to keep the persons who slaughter animals clean.

WUC were established in all villages where springs were developed. Male and female WUC members were officially registered with local government. They were trained in spring maintenance and keeping the area around the springs clean and free of standing water.

The skills and organizational experience gained by local government in these cost- effective solutions to clean water provision are likely to result in the implementation of similar projects the district in the future. Africare was able to demonstrate how

communities, local government and NGOs can pool their resources to realize clean water at very low cost compared to similar government sponsored projects in the past.

c) HIV/AIDS/STI Prevention and Control

The program objective was to increase knowledge and awareness regarding the spread and prevention of HIV/AIDS/STI among mothers and secondary school students. The project staff conducted a baseline assessment of HIV/AIDS/STI knowledge among

secondary school students in 2002 with the data analyzed and the report finalized in 2003. High school HIV/AIDS clubs were established in seven high schools. In 2003, Africare purchased and distributed mini media supplies including tape recorders, video decks and megaphones to all high schools in the project area. An estimated 6,272 students, of which 1,062 females, were involved in club activities. The project trained high school teachers in HIV/AIDS prevention. Students took anti- HIV/AIDS messages into the general population through drama and music.

Africare initiated an activity named “Love Life” under its Africa-wide HIV/AIDS Voluntary Service Corps. Love Life focused on women commercial sex workers with multiple sexual partners. In 2003, the number of participant “bar ladies” reached 176. They were organized into 17 groups of ten women per group. Each group has its own leader, elected by the members. The leaders were trained in group facilitation skills and HIV/AIDS prevention and control themes.

Each of the groups met bi-weekly and discussed issues pertinent to the transmission of HIV/AIDS/STI. They were trained in HIV/AIDS/STI prevention, testing and control, negotiation skills and confidence building. All women received free condoms and the group leaders distributed condoms to bars, hotels and restaurants. The knowledge of commercial sex workers on HIV/AIDS/STI has greatly improved. At least one leader ceased being a commercial sex worker and with the project’s assistance obtained employment as a mechanic in a local garage. The GCSP baseline KPC survey also informed the project as to priority HIV/AIDS intervention areas and set program

objectives. Regarding HIV/AIDS prevention and control, women were asked a series of questions on knowledge and practice. There were significant increases in knowledge of the modes of transmission and means of prevention of HIV/AIDS and where to access condoms from baseline to final.

Cross-cutting Approaches

1. Capacity Building at Community Level

Training of VHC and CHAs helped to bridge the gap between the community and PHFs for health information dissemination to increase communication awareness on health service utilization for immunization and other services and early care seeking at PHFs. Forty CHAs who were originally trained by UNICEF in Abobo and Godere Districts received a one-week refresher training on the three project intervention areas as well as on malaria control, water/sanitation and harmful traditional practices. It was financially supported by Africare and technically supported by project staff in collaboration with senior PHWs from the GRHB. To use them as assistants in project implementation in areas were there are no CHWs or enable them to play a role in social mobilization, 48 members of VHC were trained for five days in all districts except Jor. The members of the VHC s contributed greatly to the success of the National Immunization Days (NIDS), HIV/AIDS/STI prevention and control and defaulter tracing. Peripheral EPI modular training improved the quality of immunization services and enhanced the cold chain system. This oneweek training organized by GRHB and Africare in Gambella Town

involved twenty-five staff from selected PHFs and one project field coordinator. Participatory project design and health management training was jointly conducted at Jima University in collaboration with the GRHB. Eleven persons, two of whom were Africare staff, participated in the training. A public health expert from Jima University provided the training in a very participatory way. The training was supported by a field visit which enhanced the participants’ understanding of project monitoring and

evaluation. The participants designed two projects and presented them in class. The trainers reportedly provided constructive feedback to the trainees on their proposals. Training strengthened the region’s capacity in project design, monitoring and following up.

Training for water resource management committees at village level involved WUC members from all developed springs and taps. They learned how to handle developed water sources in a proper way and use them safely for consumption. They were trained how to take care of protected springs and water points, and how to repair them whenever necessary.

2. Capacity Building of Local Partner Organizations

Africare emphasized improved organizational capacity, information management systems and health service management as a whole. Health planning exercises were conducted at the district level for the first time so as to decentralize micro health planning. District health managers, members of woreda social service sectors, planners and heads of PHFs were involved in the training. Trainees were provided with basic concepts of planning, identification of health problems, priority setting, objective setting, monitoring,

evaluation and feedback. This improved the knowledge of PHWs in recording and data processing for planning and decision making.

Training was conducted in six of the seven project districts with 13-20 health officials from each district participating in the 2-3 day workshops. The project trained PHWs were in IMCI, immunization, and water/sanitation. The GOE adopted IMCI throughout the country but it had not been introduced in Gambella until Africare convinced the FMOH to do so. To launch the IMCI strategy in the region, the project provided refresher training on IMCI case management to enable them to train others. The FMOH organized the twoweek IMCI case management for high-level PHWs in Harar Region. In 2003, FMOH senior staff conducted a three-day IMCI orientation workshop for health managers and other local government officials. Africare, in collaboration with the

regional health bureau, sponsored a 15-day IMCI case management training for 25 PHWs at Jima University’s Pediatric and Child Health Department. Trainees visited Gambella Hospital and Itang, Pugnido and Metti Health Centers to observe the application to IMCI techniques.

The extensive project intervention in capacity building changed partner organizations. Improvements were reported in management (utilization and reporting on donor funds such as UNICEF’s), better cold chain implementation and work habits.

3. Capacity Building of Health System

Africare was effective in strengthening the health management information system and providing technical and logistic support (per diems PHWs participating in EPI outreach, fuel, ORS and ORT material purchase, cold chain maintenance and motor bike

maintenance) The baseline KPC survey and health facility assessment helped the GRHB to identify problems in the health institutions (i.e. low EPI coverage, high incidence of diarrhea, low awareness on HIV/AIDS prevention, and low clinical performance of

In document Diseño de plan de seguridad y salud en el trabajo en cumplimiento a la Ley N° 29783 para la micro empresa ladrillos Camala, Cusco 2018 (página 80-91)