Leyes relacionadas al comercio exterior en la República Dominicana

To provide a basis for exploring the effects digital technologies have had on the working practices of media professionals, Fahy and Nisbet (2011) developed a typology of the roles of media professionals, specifically related to the roles of science journalists. This provides a broader set of types of media professionals and associated practices, through which the roles of CERN communication professionals can be identified. These have been summarised below:

 The conduit: explains or translates scientific information in their reporting from experts to non-specialist publics;

 The public intellectual: synthesises a range of complex scientific information and its social implications (in which the writer has a degree of specialisation) and presents the information from a distinct, identifiable perspective;

 The agenda-setter: identifies and brings attention to important areas of research which is then picked up and reflected in other science news outlets;

 The watchdog: holds scientists, scientific institutions, industry and organisations to scrutiny;

 The investigative reporter: carries out in-depth journalistic investigations into scientific topics, especially where science meets public affairs;

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 The civic educator: informs non-specialist audiences about the methods, aims, limitations and risks of scientific work.

 The curator: gathers science related news, opinion and commentary, presenting it in a structured format, with some evaluation, for audiences;

 The convener: connects and brings together scientists and various non-specialist publics to discuss science-related issues in public, either online or physically;  The advocate: reports and writes driven by a specific world-view or on behalf of

an issue or idea.

(Fahy and Nisbet, 2011, p.4) Fahy and Nisbet (2011) used these typologies to explore how the adoption and

implementation of technologies by science journalists in UK and US media institutes had impacted on their roles. Fahy and Nisbet (2011) found that the roles of curator,

convener, public intellect and civic educator had become increasingly more prevalent in the digital age, along with a strong continuation of conduit and agenda-setter role. Furthermore, Fahy and Nisbet (2011) describes the increased plurality of roles involved for science journalists, which involve diverse and interactive ways of reporting science news. This increase in role diversity is in part down to the function of digital news organisations that require journalists to master various multimedia storytelling and

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newsgathering formats, as well as communicate across multiple mediums and in different formats.

Other studies have focused on the pace of the news cycle within online newsrooms. Boczkowski (2009) and Garcia (2004) argue that online journalism has contributed to the downfall of the twice-a-day-news cycle and the growth of 24 hour news. Boczkowski’s (2009) review of various studies that explored the pace of news production suggests that it has increased over time. Rosenstiel (2005) argues that this increase has become a key feature of the media industry in the US, with similar norms of constant publishing during the day being found in online newsrooms in South America (Boczkowski and De Santos, 2007). In this respect, media professionals seem to have adopted one of the practices that digital technologies have made possible which has changed their traditional

working practices. Once again, similar effects may have taken place within the context of the communication professionals working at CERN. Within a multi-national organisation such as CERN, research is being carried out 24 hours a day, seven days a week. How then does this translate in the working practices of the CERN Communications Group? Do they work to a similar 24 hour a day, seven day a week cycle?

Some studies have started to look beyond the newsroom and at the role of user participation (Williams, 2010) and bloggers (Lowrey, 2008) and their impact on online journalism. Williams (2010) used multi-site observations of national and local BBC newsrooms and a team of five researchers to track documentation between newsrooms.

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Semi-structured interviews were also used to gauge the opinion of journalists towards the use of user-generated content. Williams (2010) found varying attitudes towards the use of user-generated content, indicating that individual agency has a significant impact. Observations of working practices and interviews demonstrated how journalists used traditional journalistic techniques and values when working with user-generated content. In this respect, while the technology may have changed, the principles of journalism have not. Lowrey (2008) used in-depth, semi-structured interviews with six bloggers to identify their routines and how these compare with those of traditional journalism. He found that social, political and economic constraints and pressures influenced the routines of individual bloggers. What can be seen in such studies is the tension between established journalistic practices, and the changes digital technologies can bring, play out in different ways depending on the social, political and cultural setting (Boczkowski, 2009). Furthermore, the research methods used within these studies, combining ethnographic observations and interviews, to explore the working practices of journalists inspired the selection of methods used within this thesis (See Chapter 3).

Lowery (2010) argues both journalism and blogging have developed routines for maintaining audiences, but have unique burdens and advantages. Many traditional media organisations now employ various paid, unpaid and freelance bloggers who operate outside of the newsroom itself. Similarly, CERN has communications staff, along with researchers who blog on behalf of CERN. Anderson (2005) found the blogging

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carried out by those employed by traditional news organisations resembled the daily work of reporters operating under different technological circumstances. It could be said that this has expanded the boundaries of news production, allowing those outside of traditional journalism to have a greater influence on news production and help shape the nature of public debate. In a similar respect, the use of blogs by academics can open up boundaries between academia and wider publics (Pearce et al., 2011), a central aspect of digital scholarship.

While the degree to which digital technologies have impacted on the ability of external actors to influence public debate within news media can still be questioned, it is clear the newsroom can’t be the only site to study news production (Holliman, 2000). As well as public involvement, Communications Groups like CERN's need to be explored to identify the role they play in science mediation, with such groups often the first to disseminate scientific information. Focusing only on media professionals, one actor in the Circuit of Mass Communication (Miller et al., 1998. See Section 2.5) may over exaggerate their importance and risks ignoring the role the other actors play.

2.4.6 The Role of Public Relations in Science Communication