Los espacios edénicos

Chapter "

27823&# A39 A2 7:7C2#7#

A.AT.1"0 ; 8CL"1/.A

".a. Air exercises

The details regarding phases . to 6 of the PP#$A% flight training course can be found in paragraph &c& of this chapter&

!or each e2ercise+ the following information is gien4

 eference is made to the releant chapter in the syllabus& The suggested pre-flight briefing for each e2ercise can be found in the related chapter& )t is common practice that students read the chapter in the syllabus before each training flight&

 The list of topics to be included in each e2ercise has been e2tracted from the  A'". !"#&./&A PP#$A%&

 )f the e2ercise includes a long briefing+ the details of this briefing hae been mentioned&

".a.1. Phase 1

E2ercise .a4 !amiliarisation with the aeroplane

See chapter . of the syllabus 7Aircraft !amiliarisation8&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% introduction to the aeroplaneC

$% e2planation of the cockpit layoutC

$;% aeroplane and engine systemsC

$,% checklists+ drills and controlsC

$6% propeller safetyC

$i% precautions generalC

$ii% precautions before and during hand turningC

$iii% hand swinging technique for starting $if applicable to type%&

$:% differences when occupying the instructorIs seatC

$=% emergency drills4

$i% action if fire in the air and on the ground4 engine+ cock or cabin and electrical fireC

$ii% system failure as applicable to typeC

$iii% escape drills4 location and use of emergency equipment and e2its&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% characteristics of the aeroplaneC

$5% cockpit layoutC

$"% systemsC

$9% checklists+ drills and controls&

E2ercise .b4 Emergency drills

See chapter . paragraph e of the syllabus 7Emergency drills8&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% action if fire on the ground and in the airC

$5% engine cabin and electrical system fireC

$"% systems failureC

$9% escape drills+ location and use of emergency equipment and e2its&

E2ercise 4 Preparation for and action after flight

See chapter + paragraphs a to c of the syllabus+ 7Preparation for flight8+ 7Starting and stopping the engine8 and 7Post-flight actions8&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% flight authorisation and aeroplane acceptance+ including technical log $if applicable% and certificate of maintenanceC

$% equipment required for flight $maps+ etc&%C

$;% e2ternal checksC

$,% internal checksC

$6% student comfort+ harness+ seat or rudder pedal ad@ustmentC

$:% starting and warming up checksC

$=% power checksC

$>% running down+ system checks and switching off the engineC

$<% leaing the aeroplane+ parking+ security and picketingC

$./% completion of authorisation sheet and aeroplane sericeability documents&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% flight authorisation and aeroplane acceptanceC

$5% sericeability documentsC

$"% equipment required+ maps+ etc&C

$9% e2ternal checksC

$E% internal checksC

$!% harness+ seat or rudder panel ad@ustmentsC

$B% starting and warm-up checksC

$1% power checksC

$)% running down system checks and switching off the engineC

$J% parking+ security and picketing $for e2ample tie down%C

$0% completion of authorisation sheet and sericeability documents&

E2ercise ;4 Air e2perience4 flight e2ercise See chapter ; of the syllabus 7Air e2perience8&

o long briefing is required prior to this e2ercise&

 According to the A'"+ during this flight the instructor will allow the student to e2perience the most common sensations of flying an aeroplane&

E2ercise ,4 Effects of controls

See chapter , paragraphs ,a to ,@ of the syllabus 7The primary effect of each main flight control8+ 7The further effect of each main flight control8+ 7The art of trimming8+

7The effect of airspeed and slipstream8+ 7The effects of power changes8+ 7The effect of using flaps8+ 7"arburettor 1eat8+ 7The 'i2ture control8+ 7?sing the radio8 and 7"abin heating and entilation8&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% function of primary flying controls4 when laterally leel and bankedC

$% further effect of ailerons and rudderC

$;% effect of inertiaC

$,% effect of air speedC

$6% effect of slipstreamC

$:% effect of powerC

$=% effect of trimming controlsC

$>% effect of flapsC

$<% operation of mi2ture controlC

$./% operation of carburettor heat controlC

$..% operation of cabin heat or entilation systemsC  According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% primary effects when laterally leel and when bankedC

$5% further effects of aileron and rudderC

$"% effects of4

$f% other controls+ as applicable&

$9% operation of4

$a% mi2ture controlC

$b% carburettor heatC

$c% cabin heating or entilation&

E2ercise 6a4 Ta2iing

See chapter 6 of the syllabus 7Ta2iing an Aeroplane8&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% pre-ta2iing checksC

$% starting+ control of speed and stoppingC

$;% engine handlingC

$,% control of direction and turning $including manoeuring in confined spaces%C

$6% parking area procedures and precautionsC

$:% effect of wind and use of flying controlsC

$=% effect of ground surfaceC

$>% freedom of udder moementC

$<% marshalling signalsC

$./% instrument checksC

$..% AT" proceduresC

$.% emergencies4 steering failure and brake failure&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% pre-ta2i checksC

$5% starting+ control of speed and stoppingC

$"% engine handlingC

$9% control of direction and turningC

$E% turning in confined spacesC

$!% parking area procedure and precautionsC

$B% effects of wind and use of flying controlsC

$1% effects of ground surfaceC

$)% freedom of rudder moementC

$J% marshalling signalsC

$0% instrument checksC

$#% air traffic control procedures&

E2ercise 6b4 Emergencies4 brake and steering failure

See chapter 6 paragraph 6e of the syllabus 7Ta2iing Emergencies8&

o long briefing is required prior to this e2ercise&

o further detail aailable in the A'"& The content of this e2ercise is4

 5rake failure&

 !ailure of steering&

E2ercise :4 Straight and leel

See chapter : paragraph :a to :c of the syllabus 7!lying straight and leel in balance at constant power8+ 7!lying straight and leel in balance at a selected airspeed8+ 7"ruising with flap e2tended8&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% the forcesC

$% longitudinal stability and control in pitchC

$;% relationship of "B to control in pitchC

$,% lateral and directional stability $control of lateral leel and balance%C

$6% attitude and balance controlC

$:% trimmingC

$=% power settings and air speedsC

$>% drag and power curesC

$<% range and endurance&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% at normal cruising power+ attaining and maintaining straight and leel flightC

$5% flight at critically high air speedsC

$"% demonstration of inherent stabilityC

$9% control in pitch+ including use of trimC

$E% lateral leel+ direction and balance and trimC

$!% at selected air speeds $use of power%C

$B% during speed and configuration changesC

$1% use of instruments for precision&

E2ercise =4 "limbing

See chapter = of the syllabus 7"limbing8&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% the forcesC

$% relationship between power or air speed and rate of climb

$power cures ma2imum rate of climb $y%%C

$;% effect of massC

$,% effect of flapsC

$6% engine considerationsC

$:% effect of density altitudeC

$=% the cruise climbC

$>% ma2imum angle of climb $2%&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% entry+ maintaining the normal and ma2 rate climb and leelling offC

$5% leelling off at selected altitudesC

$"% en-route climb $cruise climb%C

$9% climbing with flap downC

$E% recoery to normal climbC

$!% ma2imum angle of climbC

$B% use of instruments for precision&

E2ercise >4 9escending

See chapter > paragraphs >a to >d of the syllabus KThe BlideK+ 7The powered descent8+ 7?se of flap in the descent8+ 7The sideslip8&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% the forcesC

$% glide descent4 angle+ air speed and rate of descentC

$;% effect of flapsC

$,% effect of windC

$6% effect of massC

$:% engine considerationsC

$=% power assisted descent4 power or air speed and rate of descentC

$>% cruise descentC

$<% sideslip&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% entry+ maintaining and leelling offC

$5% leelling off at selected altitudesC

$"% glide+ powered and cruise descent $including effect of power and air speed%C

$9% side slipping $on suitable types%C

$E% use of instruments for precision flight&

E2ercise <4 Turning

See chapter < paragraphs <a to <d of the syllabus KThe medium leel turnK+ 7The climbing turn8+ 79escending turns8+ 7Turning onto selected headings8&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% the forcesC

$% use of controlsC

$;% use of powerC

$,% maintenance of attitude and balanceC

$6% medium leel turnsC

$:% climbing and descending turnsC

$=% slipping turnsC

$>% turning onto selected headings4 use of gyro heading indicator and magnetic compass&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% entry and maintaining medium leel turnsC

$5% resuming straight flightC

$"% faults in the turn $for e2ample in correct pitch+ bank and balance%C

$9% climbing turnsC

$E% descending turnsC

$!% faults in the turns $slipping and skidding on suitable types%C

$B% turns onto selected headings+ use of gyro heading indicator and compassC

$1% use of instruments for precision&

E2ercise ./a4 Slow flight

See chapter ./ paragraph ./a of the syllabus KSlow !lyingK&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% aeroplane handling characteristics during slow flight at4

$i% s. L so M ./ knotsC

$ii% s. L so M 6 knots&

$% slow flight during instructor induced distractionsC

$% effect of oershooting in configurations where application of engine power causes a strong Nnose-upI trim change&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

ote4 the ob@ectie is to improe the studentIs ability to

recognise inadertent flight at critically low speeds and proide practice in maintaining the aeroplane in balance while returning to normal air speed&

$A% safety checksC

$5% introduction to slow flightC

$"% controlled flight down to critically slow air speedC

$9% application of full power with correct attitude and balance to achiee normal climb speed&

E2ercise ./b4 Stalling

See chapter ./ paragraph ./b of the syllabus KStallingK&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% characteristics of the stallC

$% angle of attackC

$;% effectieness of the controls at the stallC

$,% factors affecting the stalling speed4

$i% effect of flaps+ slats and slotsC

$ii% effect of power+ mass+ "B and load factor&

$6% effects of unbalance at the stallC

$:% symptoms of the stallC

$=% stall recognition and recoeryC

$>% stalling and recoery4

$i% without powerC

$ii% with power onC

$iii% with flaps downC

$i% ma2imum power climb $straight and turning flight to the point of stall with uncompensated yaw%C

$% stalling and recoery during manoeures inoling more than . B $accelerated stalls+ including secondary stalls and recoeries%C

$i% recoering from incipient stalls in the landing and other configurations and conditionsC

$ii% recoering at the incipient stage during change of configurationC

$iii% stalling and recoery at the incipient stage with Ninstructor inducedI distractions&

ote4 consideration is to be gien to manoeure limitations and references to the flight manual or equialent document $for e2ample ownerIs manual or pilotIs operating handbook% in relation to mass and balance limitations& The safety checks should take into account the minimum safe altitude for initiating such e2ercises in order to ensure an adequate margin of safety for the recoery& )f specific procedures for stalling or spinning e2ercises and for the recoery techniques are proided by the flight manual or equialent document $for e2ample ownerIs manual or pilotIs operating handbook%+ they hae to be taken into consideration& These factors are also coered in the ne2t e2ercise spinning&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% safety checksC

$5% symptomsC

$"% recognitionC

$9% clean stall and recoery without power and with powerC

$E% recoery when a wing dropsC

$!% approach to stall in the approach and in the landing configurations+ with and without power and recoery at the incipient stage&

E2ercise ..4 Spin aoidance

See chapter .. paragraphs ..a to ..b of the syllabus K)ncipient SpinsK and K!ull SpinsK&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% causes+ stages+ autorotation and characteristics of the spinC

$% recognition and recoery at the incipient stage4 entered from arious flight attitudesC

$;% aeroplane limitations&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% safety checksC

$5% stalling and recoery at the incipient spin stage $stall with e2cessie wing drop+ about ,6 %C

$"% instructor induced distractions during the stall&

ote .4 at least two hours of stall awareness and spin aoidance flight training should be completed during the course&

ote 4 consideration of manoeure limitations and the need to refer to the aeroplane manual and mass and balance calculations&

".a.". Phase "

E2ercise .4 Take-off and climb to downwind position

See chapter . of the syllabus KStandard take-off and climb to downwind legK&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% handling4 factors affecting the length of take-off run and initial climbC

$% correct lift off speed+ use of eleators $safeguarding the nose wheel%+ rudder and powerC

$;% effect of wind $including crosswind component%C

$,% effect of flaps $including the decision to use and the amount permitted%C

$6% effect of ground surface and gradient upon the take-off runC

$:% effect of mass+ altitude and temperature on take-off and climb performanceC

$=% pre take-off checksC

$>% AT" procedure before take-offC

$<% drills+ during and after take-offC

$./% noise abatement proceduresC

$..% tail wheel considerations $as applicable%C

$.% short or soft field take-off considerations or proceduresC

$.;% emergencies4

$i% aborted take-offC

$ii% engine failure after take-off&

$.,% AT" procedures&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% pre-take-off checksC

$5% into wind take-offC

$"% safeguarding the nose wheelC

$9% crosswind take-offC

$E% drills during and after take-offC

$!% short take-off and soft field procedure(techniques including performance calculationsC

$B% noise abatement procedures&

E2ercise .;4 "ircuit+ approach and landing

See chapter .; paragraphs .;a to .;h of the syllabus KThe circuit+ powered approach and normal landingK+ KThe go-aroundK+ K9eparting and @oining the circuitK+

KThe flapless approach and landingK+ KThe glide approach and landingK+ K"rosswind operationsK+ KShort-field operationsK+ KSoft-field operationsK&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% downwind leg+ base leg and approach4 position and drillsC

$% factors affecting the final approach and the landing runC

$;% effect of massC

$,% effects of altitude and temperatureC

$6% effect of windC

$:% effect of flapC

$=% landingC

$>% effect of ground surface and gradient upon the landing runC

$<% types of approach and landing4

$i% poweredC

$ii% crosswindC

$iii% flapless $at an appropriate stage of the course%C

$i% glideC

$% short fieldC

$i% soft field&

$./% tail wheel aeroplane considerations $as applicable%C

$..% missed approachC

$.% engine handlingC

$.;% wake turbulence awarenessC

$.,% windshear awarenessC

$.6% AT" proceduresC

$.:% mislanding and go-aroundC

$.=% special emphasis on look-out&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% circuit procedures+ downwind and base legC

$5% powered approach and landingC

$"% safeguarding the nose wheelC

$9% effect of wind on approach and touchdown speeds and use of flapsC

$E% crosswind approach and landingC

$!% glide approach and landingC

$B% short landing and soft field procedures or techniquesC

$1% flapless approach and landingC

$)% wheel landing $tail wheel aeroplanes%C

$J% missed approach and go-aroundC

$0% noise abatement procedures&

E2ercise .(.;4 Emergencies

See chapter . paragraph .e of the syllabus KEmergencies during the take-offK&

o long briefing is required prior to this e2ercise&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% abandoned take-offC

$5% engine failure after take-offC

$"% mislanding and go-aroundC

$9% missed approach&

ote4 in the interests of safety it will be necessary for pilots trained on nose wheel aeroplanes to undergo dual conersion training before flying tail wheel aeroplanes+ and ice-ersa&

E2ercise .>4 9iersion to another airfield

5efore being allowed to perform his(her first solo flight+ the student should reiew some basic procedures to be able to diert to an alternate aerodrome in safe conditions& The student should at least perform one naigation flight to a suitable alternate aerodrome with a !)& 9uring this flight+ some elements of the Air E2ercise .> should be coered and demonstrated to the !) satisfaction+ namely4

- !amiliarisation with "T e2it procedures

- Gisual references and map reading

- (T procedures

- Oerflight of alternate airfield

- 9etermination of runway in use and approach procedure

- Soft(short field landing technique E2ercise .,4 !irst solo

Please make sure this milestone during flight training is documented by inserting the 7!irst Solo "ertificate8+ appendi2 : to chapter + into the student records&

See chapter ., of the syllabus K!irst soloK&

 As long briefing items+ during the flights immediately following the solo circuit consolidation period+ the following should be coered4

$.% procedures for leaing and re@oining the circuitC

$% local area $restrictions+ controlled airspace+ etc&%C

$;% compass turnsC

$,% 9' meaning and use&

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% instructorIs briefing+ obseration of flight and de-briefingC

ote4 during flights immediately following the solo circuit consolidation the following should be reised4

$5% procedures for leaing and re@oining the circuitC

$"% the local area+ restrictions+ map readingC

$9% use of radio aids for homingC

$E% turns using magnetic compass+ compass errors&

".a.'. Phase '

E2ercise .>a4 aigation

See chapter .> paragraph .>a of the syllabus KPilot naigationK&

This e2ercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of4

$.% flight planningC

$i% weather forecast and actual$s%C

$ii% map selection+ orientation+ preparation and use4

$A% choice of routeC

$5% regulated or controlled airspaceC

$"% danger+ prohibited and restricted areasC

$9% safety altitude&

$iii% calculations4

$A% magnetic heading$s% and time$s% en-routeC

$5% fuel consumptionC

$"% mass and balanceC

$9% mass and performance&

$i% flight information4

$A% OTA's etc&C

$5% noting of required radio frequenciesC

$"% selection of alternate aerodrome$s%&

$% aeroplane documentation&

$i% notification of the flight4

$A% pre-flight administration proceduresC

$5% flight plan form $where appropriate%&

$% departureC

$i% organisation of cockpit workloadC

$ii% departure procedures4

$A% altimeter settingsC

$5% setting heading proceduresC

$"% noting of ETA$s%&

$iii% en-route map reading4 identification of ground featuresC

$i% maintenance of altitudes and headingsC

$% reisions to ETA and heading+ wind effect+ drift angle and groundspeed checksC

$i% log keepingC

$ii% use of radio $including G9! if applicable%C

$iii% minimum weather conditions for continuance of flightC

$i2% Nin-flightI decisionsC

$2% diersion proceduresC

$2i% operations in regulated or controlled airspaceC

$2ii% procedures for entry+ transit and departureC

$2iii% naigation at minimum leelC

$2i% uncertainty of position procedure+ including (T procedureC

$2% lost procedureC

$2i% use of radio naaids&

$;% arrial procedures and aerodrome circuit @oining procedures4

$i% AT" liaison+ (T procedure+ etc&C

$ii% altimeter setting+

$iii% entering the traffic pattern $controlled or uncontrolled aerodromes%C

 According to the A'"+ this e2ercise includes4

$A% flight planning4

$a% weather forecast and actualsC

$b% map selection and preparation4

$.% choice of routeC

$% controlled airspaceC

$;% danger+ prohibited and restricted areasC

$,% safety altitudes&

$c% calculations4

$.% magnetic heading$s% and time$s% en-routeC

$% fuel consumptionC

$;% selection of alternate aerodromes&

$e% aeroplane documentationC

$f% notification of the flight4

$.% pre-flight administratie proceduresC

$.% pre-flight administratie proceduresC

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