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-ATOR, was alone in the endless void. He conceived a plan to bring life to the void and created SÓTUK

-NANG, whom he called Nephew, to carry out the plan. Following Taiowa’s instructions, Sótuknang cre-ated the universe, the Earth, land, and water. Then he made his own helper, Kókyangwúti (SPIDER WOMAN). In turn, Spider Woman created the twins

PYUYKONHOYA AND PALUNHOYA to help keep the world in order.

48 HIHANKARA

Petroglyphs in Mesa Verde, Colorado, include Hopi clan symbols and a drawing representing the migrations of the ancient Hopi clans.(© George H. H. Huey)

The First World was Tokpela (Endless Space). Spi-der Woman created all the living things—TREES,

PLANTS, ANIMALS, and BIRDS. From yellow, red, white, and black soil, mixed with her saliva, she created human beings in the image of Sótuknang. At first all the people and animals lived together in peace and happiness. Soon, however, some became fierce and war-like. Sótuknang sent the few people who still lived by the laws of the Creator to safety with the Ant People.

The Creator instructed them to observe and follow the ways of the Ant People, who obeyed the plan of Creation. Then he destroyed the First World with fire.

In the Second World, called Tokpa (Dark Mid-night), the same thing happened. Again, Sótuknang sent a few chosen people to safety with the Ant People and then destroyed the world by causing it to spin out of control.

The Third World Sótuknang created was Kuskurza (a word that no one can translate). Once more greed, jealousy, and evil broke the harmony of the world. It became so corrupt that Sótuknang had to destroy it yet again, this time with a FLOOD. Spider Woman saved the chosen people by sealing them in hollow reeds that floated on the surface of the water.

For a long time the people floated in boats they made from the hollow reeds. At last land emerged, and the people were on the Fourth World, Túwaqachi (World Complete), the present world. MASAU’U, the deity of FIRE and death, greeted them and gave them permission to live on this world. He explained that first they must find a good place in which to settle.

All this was written symbolically on FOUR sacred tablets that Masau’u gave the people.

Each clan was to make four directional migrations, HOPI EMERGENCE AND MIGRATION 49

The Plains warriors represented in this pictograph did not acquire horses until the late 16th century. (© Christie’s Images/CORBIS)

50 HORNED WATER SERPENT

going to the farthest end of the land in each direction until they came to the place where the land met the ocean, then returning to Túwanasavi (Center of the Universe). All their routes formed a great SWASTIKA. The clans that went north reached the Arctic Circle.

The clans that went south reached the tip of South America. Those that went east and west also reached the oceans. During the migrations, some groups forgot their purpose and settled without returning to Túwanasavi. Finally, after centuries of wandering, the people returned and settled on the Three Mesas in what is now Hopi country. PETROGLYPHS and PIC

-TOGRAPHS found throughout the Americas record the migrations of the Hopi clans.

HORNED WATER SERPENT Acoma Pueblo The spirit of RAINand fertility who controlled earth-quakes and FLOODS. One night Horned Water Ser-pent abruptly left the people and would not return, regardless of the efforts of the rain priests. Unable to survive the drought that resulted, the people followed his trail until they reached a river, where they estab-lished a new home. This account is one explanation for the disappearance of the ANASAZI.

Horned serpents appear widely in Native Ameri-can folklore. They are often portrayed as battling

THUNDERBIRD or other thunder beings (see also

UKTENA;UNCEGILA).

HORSE Although the modern horse evolved in North America about 1 million years ago and spread over land bridges into South America, Asia, Europe, and Africa, by 8,000 years ago it had become extinct in the Americas. Horses were not reintroduced into the Americas until the Spanish conquistadores arrived in the 16th century, when Hernán Cortés landed in Mexico in 1519 with 16 horses. The Spanish explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado brought horses onto the Plains in 1541, but more than 100 years passed before Native Americans acquired them in any num-bers. Because there was no word for horse and the Plains tribes had previously used DOGS as beasts of burden, the horse was referred to variously as Elk Dog, Spirit Dog, Mystery Dog, Medicine Dog, Sacred Dog, and Moose Dog. The horse changed the way of life of the Plains Indians, who became famed for their horse-manship. It enabled hunters to pursue buffalo farther

and faster than ever before, and its strength as a beast of burden allowed nomadic people to travel greater distances and carry more goods with them.

A Blackfeet legend tells how a poor, orphaned boy named Long Arrow brought the horse to the people. Long Arrow was adopted by a chief who told him about powerful spirit people who lived at the bottom of a lake and had mystery animals called Elk Dogs to do their work for them. Every fourth genera-tion a young warrior went to find the spirit people and bring back an Elk Dog for the tribe, but none had ever returned. Long Arrow undertook the quest. A spirit boy befriended Long Arrow and told him the secret of obtaining a gift of Elk Dogs from the spirit chief. Long Arrow successfully returned to his tribe with a herd of horses.

HUMANS, ORIGIN OF The creation of human beings is the subject of many accounts. In some Native American traditions, the people were already in existence (sometimes in spirit form) and emerged into the world from an underground place. Some-times people were created in this UNDERWORLD, as in the accounts of the ACOMA EMERGENCE AND MIGRA

-TION, the APACHE EMERGENCE AND MIGRATION, the

HOPI EMERGENCE AND MIGRATION, the NAVAJO

(DINEH) EMERGENCE, and the ZUNI EMERGENCE AND MIGRATION. The manner of emergence varies. In the Choctaw and Creek accounts, humans emerged from a hole in the ground. Pale and damp, they lay in the sun until their skin darkened. Then they migrated in separate groups—the Cherokee to the north, the Creek and Chickasaw to the east and south. The Choctaw remained in the emergence place. This story explains the origin of the different tribes. (In postcontact times, the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chicka-saw, Creek, and Seminole were called the Five Civi-lized Tribes. They believed themselves to be descended from the MOUND BUILDERS.) In a North-west Coast CREATION ACCOUNT, the first people emerged from a seashell RAVEN found on the seashore, rather than an underground place. In the Kiowa account, the people came into the world one by one, squirming through a hollow log. Unfortu-nately, a pregnant woman became stuck in the log, and after that no one else could enter the world. This explains why there were so few Kiowa. According to

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