Governments
Peter Core, Director, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
Keming Qian, Director General Inst. Agricultural Economics, Dept. of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science
Tiina Huvio, Senior Advisor, Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Alain Derevier, Senior Advisor, Research for Sustainable Development, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Germany: Hans-Jochen de Haas, Head, Agricultural and Rural Development, Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
Zoltan Bedo, Director, Agricultural Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Aidan O’Driscoll, Assistant Secretary General, Department of Agriculture and Food
Hamid Narjisse, Director General, INRA
Eugenia Serova, Head, Agrarian Policy Division, Institute for Economy in Transition
Grace Akello, Minister of State for Northern Uganda Rehabilitation
Paul Spray, Head of Research, DFID
Rodney Brown, Deputy Under Secretary of Agriculture and Hans Klemm, Director of the Office of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Textile Trade Affairs, Department of State
Foundations and Unions
Susan Sechler, Senior Advisor on Biotechnology Policy, Rockefeller Foundation
Achim Steiner, Director General, The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Eugene Terry, Director, African Agricultural Technology Foundation
Advisory Bureau
Non-government Representatives Consumer Groups
Jaime Delgado • Asociación Peruana de Consumidores y Usuarios Greg Jaffe • Center for Science in the Public Interest
Catherine Rutivi • Consumers International
Indrani Thuraisingham • Southeast Asia Council for Food Security and Trade
Jose Vargas Niello • Consumers International Chile International organizations
Nata Duvvury • International Center for Research on Women Emile Frison • CGIAR
Mohamed Hassan • Third World Academy of Sciences Mark Holderness • GFAR
Jeffrey McNeely • World Conservation Union (IUCN) Dennis Rangi • CAB International
John Stewart • International Council of Science (ICSU) NGOs
Kevin Akoyi • Vredeseilanden
Hedia Baccar • Association pour la Protection de l’Environment de Kairouan
Benedikt Haerlin • Greenpeace International Juan Lopez • Friends of the Earth International
Khadouja Mellouli • Women for Sustainable Development Patrick Mulvaney • Practical Action
Romeo Quihano • Pesticide Action Network Maryam Rahmaniam • CENESTA
Daniel Rodriguez • International Technology Development Group Private Sector
Momtaz Chowdhury • Agrobased Technology and Industry Development
Giselle L. D’Almeida • Interface Eva Maria Erisgen • BASF
Armando Paredes • Consejo Nacional Agropecuario Steve Parry • Unilever
Harry Swaine • Syngenta (resigned) Producer Groups
Shoaib Aziz • Sustainable Agriculture Action Group of Pakistan Philip Kiriro • East African Farmers Federation
Kristie Knoll • Knoll Farms
Prabha Mahale • International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements
Anita Morales • Apit Tako Nizam Selim • Pioneer Hatchery
Government Representatives Central and West Asia and North Africa Egypt • Ahlam Al Naggar
Iran • Hossein Askari
Kyrgyz Republic • Djamin Akimaliev
Saudi Arabia • Abdu Al Assiri, Taqi Elldeen Adar, Khalid Al Ghamedi
Turkey • Yalcin Kaya, Mesut Keser East/South Asia/Pacific Australia • Simon Hearn China • Puyun Yang India • PK Joshi Japan • Ryuko Inoue
Philippines • William Medrano Latin America and Caribbean
Brazil • Sebastiao Barbosa, Alexandre Cardoso, Paulo Roberto Galerani, Rubens Nodari
Dominican Republic • Rafael Perez Duvergé Honduras • Arturo Galo, Roberto Villeda Toledo Uruguay • Mario Allegri
North America and Europe Austria • Hedwig Woegerbauer Canada • Iain MacGillivray Finland • Marja-Liisa Tapio-Bistrom France • Michel Dodet
Ireland • Aidan O’Driscoll, Tony Smith Russia • Eugenia Serova, Sergey Alexanian
United Kingdom • Jim Harvey, David Howlett, John Barret United States • Christian Foster
Sub-Saharan Africa Benin • Jean Claude Codjia Gambia • Sulayman Trawally Kenya • Evans Mwangi
Mozambique • Alsácia Atanásio, Júlio Mchola Namibia • Gillian Maggs-Kölling
Senegal • Ibrahim Diouck
A
AFPLAN (Regional Food Plan for Africa), 54 Africa Environment Outlook, 84
African Food Security Summit, 99 African Highlands Initiative (AHI), 104b African Swine Fever (ASF), 15, 32 African Union (AU), 69, 107, 108b, 110 Africa Stockpiles Programme (ASP), 25 Agribusiness, 105
Agricultural biodiversity: African crop originations, 4–5; conserving, 116–118;
definition/description, 4–5, 67, 116; loss, 116; types, 116. See also Biodiversity Agricultural development: donor funds, 99;
farmer participation, 100, 101; governance role, 99; health and, 100; leveraging funding, 100; private sector, 11, 100; value-chain approach, 99. See also Research and development investments
Agricultural Market Information Systems (AMIS), 107
Agriculture: change, 10; definition/description, 2
Agrochemicals. See Chemicals
Agroecosystems: climate change effects, 5;
tourism, 82, 93
Agroforestry: benefits/importance, 35, 83–84, 118–120; challenges, 120; fallow systems, 63; fodder shrubs, 63–64, 119;
mismanagement, 35; nitrogen-fixing trees, 63; promotion, 35; research on, 63–64; soil fertility and, 119; tree domestication, 64.
See also Forests Agropastoral system, 30
AHI (African Highlands Initiative), 104b AIRD, 55
Air pollution, 5, 39, 120
AKST: conflict/instability and, 57; coordination needs, 50; gender dynamics, 52–53;
investment needs, 50. See also specific components
Alien invasive species: biodiversity loss, 38;
deforestation, 35; description, 38; fisheries, 38–39, 82; management, 38–39
Alien species: definition, 38; edible wild plants and, 21
Aquaculture: challenges summary, 37–38;
conflicts with fisheries, 121; eco-labels, 90;
food security, 82; history, 38; improving, 121–122; negative impacts, 38, 122; pond types, 38; potential, 38, 39, 98, 121;
predictions, 89–90, 90t; productivity, 15, 36; regulations, 90
Aquatic ecosystems: alien invasive species, 38–39; biological control, 38 ASARECA (Association for Strengthening
of Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa), 21, 54, 55
Assessment: description, 2, 3; uses, 2, 3 Association for Strengthening of Agricultural
Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 21, 54, 55
B
Bacillus thuringensis (Bt): insect resistance, 57;
production factory, 26
Biodiversity: Afrotropical biogeographical realm, 4; alien invasive species and, 38;
climate change effects, 5; conservation, 98, 117–118; deforestation, 2, 5, 35; ecosystem services, 4–5, 66–67; extinction crisis, 34;
fisheries, 37, 38, 39, 89; land use change and, 2, 5; loss, 2, 4, 5, 34, 35, 38, 67, 83, 89; Madagascar, 4; overview, 4–5; threats summary, 5; tree diversity, 67; tropical forests, 34. See also Agricultural biodiversity
“Biodiversity hot spots,” 4
Bioenergy: bioethanol fuel/potential, 40, 86, 87f; biofuels, 40, 86, 87, 87f; climate change and, 87; food security/prices and, 87; modern bioenergy, 40, 86;
needs assessment, 88f; overview, 39–40, 86–89; projections, 86–88, 87f; sustainable production, 87–89, 88f. See also specific types
Bioethanol fuel/potential, 40, 86, 87f Biofortification, 122
Biogas, 86
Bioinvasion. See Alien invasive species Biological control: aquatic ecosystems, 38;
description, 26, 110; examples, 26, 55 Biomass: description, 39; efficiency, 39–40;
problems with, 16, 39–40, 86, 120; use/
statistics, 16, 39, 40t, 58–59, 83, 84, 86, 119, 120
Biomes, 4 Bio-oils, 86
Biosafety of GM/GMOs: Cartagena Biosafety Protocol, 21, 51, 60; economic concerns, 68; environmental concerns, 68; food/
feed safety, 68; policies/regulations, 68–70;
Program for Biosafety Systems, 57; regional initiatives, 69; social concerns, 68
Biotechnology: conflict/instability and, 57;
overview, 57; patents, 105; regional initiatives, 69. See also specific types
Bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), 15 Bovine tuberculosis, 32, 34 Bush fallows, 22
C
Cape Floristic Kingdom, 4 Carbon sequestration, 82, 93, 119 Carbon trade, 82, 93
Cartagena Biosafety Protocol, 21, 51, 69 CDD (community driven development),
102–103
Cell phone technology, 59–60, 59f Centre National de Recherche Agricole
(CNRA), 54
Cereal: prices by crop (1997/2020), 91f; trade rates (1997/2020), 91f
Cereal production: types/locations, 19; yield rates (1967-2020), 91f
Cereal/root crop-mixed farming system, 8 CGIAR (Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research), 20, 50, 55, 58, 67, 100, 105, 117
Challenge programs of CGIAR, 50, 55–56, 58, 104, 104b
Chemicals: environmental problems, 25, 26, 110; human health problems, 15, 25, 26, 52, 110; improper use/effects, 25;
monocultures and, 25; mortality from, 15, 25; obsolete stocks/threats, 15, 25; safe use, 15, 110. See also Fertilizers, synthetic;
Herbicides; Pesticides
CIAL (Local Agricultural Research Committee), 102
CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture), 20, 55, 102
CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), 20, 112
Climate: land degradation, 111, 112; overview, 5, 8, 83; uncertainty, 5, 83; variability, 5 Climate change: bioenergy and, 87; carbon sequestration, 82, 93, 119; carbon trade, 82, 93; cyclones, 2, 5, 8; diseases, 8;
evapotranspiration, 5; greenhouse gas emissions, 5; impact overview, 2; land degradation, 111; overview, 2, 5, 8, 62–63;
precipitation, 2, 5, 65, 83; sea-level rise, 5, 8; vulnerability, 5, 50, 62–63, 83; warming, 5; water resources, 2
Climate change adaptation: building capacity, 63; participatory approach, 101
CNRA (Centre National de Recherche Agricole), 54
Codex Alimentarius Commission, 74 Page references followed by f, t, and b indicate figures, tables, and boxes, respectively.
Coffee production: biological control, 26;
overview, 24
Colonialism/legacy: boundaries of countries, 8, 34; fragmentation, 8; land management, 16–17; livestock production, 27–28 COMESA (Common Market for East and
Southern Africa), 21, 70, 107 Commission for Africa, 99
Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA), 21, 70, 107
Communications. See Information and communications technology (ICT) Community driven development (CDD),
102–103
Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP), 55, 87, 100
Conflict: farmers and herders, 16; over natural resources, 3, 61, 113; women as refugees, 9 Conservation: biodiversity, 98, 117–118; ex
situ conservation, 29, 116, 117; genetic resources, 29, 116–117; germplasm, 67–68;
in situ conservation, 29, 67, 98, 116, 117;
livestock diversity, 117; “paper parks,” 116;
protected areas, 5 Conservation tillage, 111
Convention on Biological Diversity, 39, 68, 105, 116
Cowpea, 23
Crop genetic resources: contribution trends, 20–21; disease resistance, 20–21; GMOs and, 21; loss, 20; NARS, 21; non-GM technologies, 21; pests and, 20; potential, 15
Crop insurance, 115 Crop originations, 4–5
Crop production: classification systems, 22; conditions variability, 16; cotton/
fiber products predictions, 90; cultivar development, 65; disease/pest constraints, 23, 24; food/cash crop examples, 22–24;
importance, 21–22; meeting demand, 83;
pest resistant varieties, 24; predictions, 90; roots, 90, 92t; tubers, 90, 92t; types/
locations, 19–20. See also specific crops Cyclones, 2, 5, 8
D
Deforestation: alien invasive species, 35;
biodiversity loss, 2, 5, 35; future rates, 84;
habitat degradation/loss, 35, 84; poverty/
poor people, 34; statistics, 34, 64 Desertification, 3, 4
Desert Margins Program (DMP), 104b Diamonds and conflict, 3
Disease resistance: crop genetic resources, 20–21; livestock production, 33 Diseases: climate change and, 8; livestock
production, 15, 27, 31–34, 68, 112;
nutrition and, 122, 123; overview, 51–52;
postharvest storage, 24; ticks and, 27, 33;
use of fire against, 112. See also specific diseases
DMP (Desert Margins Program), 104b Drought: agropastoral systems, 30; increase/
intensity, 5; vegetation cover degradation, 16 Dumping of agricultural commodities, 75 Duru-Haitemba Forest example, 85b
E
East Africa Seed Committee (EASCOM), 21 East Coast Fever (ECF), 33
Eastern Arc Mountain Forests, 4
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 107, 108b
Economy: by country, 10; inequality measures/
comparisons, 10t; structural transformation, 98; trends, 9–10
Economy of agriculture: effects on poverty, 2, 10; GDP trends, 10; transportation infrastructure, 57–58; trends, 10, 53–54.
See also Research and development investments
Ecoregion definition, 37
Ecosystem services: biodiversity, 4–5, 66–67; by ecosystems, 94f; from forests, 5; payment for (PES), 82, 93, 98; water resources competition, 114
Education: “linguistic divide,” 101; needs, 83;
post-independence period, 42; trends, 42;
women, 10, 42, 107, 108
Education in agriculture: agrochemicals use, 15, 110; donor-assisted programs, 53;
farmer field schools (FFS), 103; investment needs, 50, 83; overview, 53. See also AKST;
Extension programs/services Electricity, 59, 86, 89
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 5 Energy: agricultural requirements/consumption,
87; electricity, 59, 86, 89; overview, 58–59;
predictions on future needs, 86; sustainable production, 87–89. See also Bioenergy;
Biomass
Ethanol fuel/potential, 40, 86, 87f Ethnoveterinary medicine/studies, 68 EurepGAP standards, 74
Ex situ conservation/collection, 29, 116, 117 Ex situ technology/innovation, 67
Extension programs/services: agent education, 53; commodity approach, 53; general approach, 53; HIV/AIDS effects on, 52; improving, 103; “linguistic divide,”
101; private extension services, 103;
shortcomings, 103; subsistence farming and, 103; training and visit (T&V) systems, 53; trends, 42; women and, 42, 52–53, 98, 107, 108
F
Fair trade, 16, 74
Fallows: research on, 63; types, 22, 63 FARA (Forum for Agricultural Research in
Africa), 50, 54, 55, 99, 104, 104b Farmer field schools (FFS), 103
Farming systems: “basket” of technology choices, 98, 102; diversity of, 15, 102; pre-colonialism to pre-colonialism, 16–17; types overview, 8
Fermentation: genetically engineered microorganisms, 27; for processing foods, 26, 27
Fertilizers, synthetic: “blanket high dose,” 110;
phosphorus, 110; productivity and, 18, 62;
recommendations on, 110; use, 17–18, 110.
See also Chemicals; Soil fertility Firewood. See Biomass
Fisheries: African provinces, 37; alien invasive species, 38–39, 82; biodiversity, 37, 38, 39, 89; biodiversity loss, 89; eco-labels, 90; fish consumption per person, 36, 86;
food demand, 36, 37, 120–121; GDP by country, 89f; illegal technologies, 36, 121; improving management, 121–122;
mismanagement, 36, 37, 37b, 39, 98, 121;
Nile perch bans, 25; nutritional security, 15, 36; overfishing, 36, 37, 83, 98; overview, 36–39, 89–90; potential, 39; predictions, 89, 90t; productivity, 36–37; protein source, 36, 120; regulations, 36, 37, 90, 121. See also Aquaculture
Floriculture, 90, 92, 93t Fodder shrubs, 63–64, 119 Food deficit, 2
Food imports, 90
Food prices and bioenergy, 87
Food security: aquaculture, 82; arable land and, 15; bioenergy, 87; HIV/AIDS, 51, 52; insecurity statistics, 36; Lagos Plan of Action, 54, 107; participatory approaches, 101; policies and, 82; processing/storing food and, 26, 59; water and, 15; wildlife/
livestock disease control, 34. See also Nutritional security
Food systems: assessment approaches, 82–83;
key messages, 82 Forest fallows, 22 Forest Guards, 85b
Forests: assessments, 84; biodiversity, 34, 84;
certification, 119; energy and, 39–40, 120;
export policies, 35; future productivity, 84, 86; global land area, 34; illegal logging, 5;
importance of, 5, 83–84, 86, 118; land area statistics, 5; Madagascar, 5; management needs, 16; mismanagement, 119; timber forest products (NTFPs), 118; non-value added products, 36; non-wood forest products (NWFPs), 84; over-harvesting, 83, 119; overview, 5; participatory forest management, 84, 85b, 86, 119; payment for ecosystem services (PES), 119; plantation forests, 34, 64; poaching in, 5; pressures on, 35; scenarios predictions, 84; sustainable use/management, 35, 36, 85b; tree density, 64. See also Agroforestry; Biomass;
Deforestation
Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), 50, 54, 55, 99, 104, 104b French Research Institute for Development
(IRD), 53, 55 G
Gender issues: with agroforestry, 120; cash crops, 41, 41b, 52, 53; decision making, 2, 9, 53; farm household roles, 40–41, 41b.
See also Women’s issues Gene banks, 15, 29, 67–68, 116
Genetically modified/organisms (GM/GMOs):
arguments against, 21; biosafety policies, 21, 51, 57, 68–70; Cartagena Biosafety Protocol, 21, 51; EU and, 68; patents and, 68, 105; production/trade, 57, 68; seed industry, 57; South Africa, 21, 57, 68, 69–
70. See also Biosafety of GM/GMOs
Genetic resources: indigenous animal breeds, 15; maximizing potential, 116–117;
protecting, 29, 116–117. See also Crop genetic resources
Germplasm: conservation, 67–68; crops, 67–68;
gene banks, 67–68; tree germplasm, 67. See also Agricultural biodiversity
Globalization and trade, 71–75 Golden rice, 100
Governance and agriculture: coordination needs, 99; decentralization, 106–107; “good governance” description, 99; institutional environment and, 99; policy/regulation role, 99; value chain development, 99
Grass fallows, 22
Green Revolution, 20, 50, 55 Groundnut, 22–23
Guinea Forest of West Africa: biodiversity, 4;
forest cover, 5 H
Habitat: degradation/loss with deforestation, 35, 84; “push-pull” habitat management (IPM), 25–26
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), 74
Health of humans: agrochemicals, 15, 25, 26, 52, 110; biomass use, 39; improving, 98, 122–123; landless (livestock production) systems, 31; standards for physician numbers, 9. See also Diseases Herbicides: tolerant varieties, 57; use, 25 HIV/AIDS: country effects, 9, 52; demographic
impact, 2, 9; effects on individuals, 51;
effects on women, 9, 50, 51–52; impacts on productivity, 9, 51–52, 57, 113, 123;
nutrition and, 123, 123b; responding to epidemic, 123b; statistics, 9, 51 Horticultural crops/industry: description, 23–
24, 57, 93t; predictions, 90, 92–93 I
IAASTD: direct drivers, 2, 3f; framework, 2–3, 3f; indirect drivers, 2–3, 3f
IARC (International Agricultural Research Center), 55–56, 65, 104b
ICRAF (International Centre for Research in Agroforestry), 18, 55
IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture), 18, 20, 23, 55, 105 ILRI (International Livestock Research
Institute), 18, 55, 111
Indigenous livestock breeds, 15, 27, 28 Information and communications technology
(ICT): Agricultural Market Information Systems (AMIS), 107; cell phone technology, 59–60, 59f; disparities in, 51, 52, 59, 60, 83, 105; Internet, 60, 61f;
market information, 105; potential, 51;
service competition, 59f; status, 59–60;
women and, 52
Infrastructure: energy and, 58–59; ICT, 59–60, 59f, 61f; inadequacies, 51, 57, 58; investment and, 57; processing, 59;
storage, 59; transportation, 57–58; water management and, 58
Innovations Systems Framework, 103
Innovation system definition, 103–104 Insect pests: Bt resistance, 57; postharvest
storage, 24. See also Pesticides In situ conservation, 29, 67, 98, 116, 117 In situ technology, 67
Institutional capacity, 50
Integrated Agriculture Research for Development, 103
Integrated approaches: crop management (ICM), 102; importance of, 50, 110–111;
soil fertility management, 111; water resources management, 19
Integrated pest management (IPM): description, 25; participatory approach, 101, 102. See also Biological control
Intellectual property rights (IPR): genetic resources, 116; golden rice example, 100;
inadequacies, 57; partnerships and, 100;
patents, 105; seed supply, 21 Intercropping, 26, 63
International Agricultural Research Center (IARC), 55–56, 65, 104b
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), 20, 55, 102
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), 18, 55
International Crops Research Institute for the Semiarid Tropics (ICRISAT), 18, 20, 21, 55, 104b
International Foundation for Science, 53 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
(IITA), 18, 20, 23, 55, 105
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 18, 55, 111
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 20, 112
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 20 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources
for Agriculture and Food, 105 Internet, 60, 61f
Introduced species. See Alien invasive species;
Alien species
IPM. See Integrated pest management (IPM) IRD (French Research Institute for
Development), 53, 55
IRRI (International Rice Research Institute), 20 Irrigation: failures, 19; farming systems
description, 8; history, 19; improving, 112, 113; managing, 58; need for increasing, 15, 18–19; overview, 19; private systems, 19;
public support, 19; statistics comparison, 15, 19; use, 15, 19, 58; water and productivity, 66
IUCN (World Conservation Union), 61 K
Kilimanjaro mountain, 5 Kwashiorkor, 23 Kyoto protocol, 93, 119 L
Lagos Plan of Action, 54, 107 Land cover, 7f, 16
Land degradation: causes, 62, 111–112;
climate and, 111, 112; climate change and, 111; costs, 109–110; desertification, 3, 4;
improvement possibilities, 83; livestock
production, 111–112; loss, 4; problem description, 3–4, 50, 83, 98, 109–110;
statistics, 4, 62; technology and, 110 Landless (livestock production) systems, 31 Land management: with colonialism, 16–17;
overview, 16–17; pre-colonial Africa, 16;
traditional/local knowledge, 18 Land policy, 108b
Land-tenure systems: evolution, 16–17; impacts on land, 4; natural resource management, 115–116; reforms, 17, 82, 115; women and, 108, 115
Land use: biodiversity threats and, 2, 5;
statistics, 2, 3t
Land use for agriculture: by country, 16;
statistics, 2, 3t, 15, 16
Languages: colonialism and, 8, 9; diversity of, 9, 101; English, 8, 9; French, 8, 9;
“linguistic divide,” 101 Liquid biofuels, 16, 40, 86
Livelihoods: agriculture, 2, 3, 10; fisheries, 36–37 Livestock diversity conservation, 117 Livestock production: breeding strategies,
27, 28; dairy production, 27, 30, 31, 90;
demand/meeting demand, 31, 83, 90, 92f, 93f; description, 27; disease resistance, 33;
diseases, 15, 27, 32–34, 68, 112; dowry use, 27, 28; draft power, 28, 31; dry vs.
wet environments, 15–16; environmental harm, 27; ethnoveterinary studies, 68;
genetic resources conservation, 29;
genetic resources management, 29; genetic resources status, 15, 28; herder-farmer conflicts, 16, 17; history, 27–28; immediate products, 31; indeterminate products, 31;
indigenous breeds, 15, 27, 28; intermediate products, 31; land degradation and, 111–
112; overgrazing, 5, 111, 112b; poultry, 28, 32, 34, 90; priorities, 28; production systems classification, 29–31; productivity, 31–32, 32t; social obligations/uses, 27, 28;
soil fertility and, 27; species introduction to Africa, 67; statistics, 27; unprocessed products, 31–32; water supply, 66; wildlife interface, 32. See also Pastoralism
Local Agricultural Research Committee (CIAL), 102
Local knowledge. See Traditional/local knowledge
Locust plagues, 25, 56 M
MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), 84, 116
Maize, 22–23
Maize-mixed farming system, 8 Malaria, 9, 51
Malnutrition: in children, 2, 9, 100; by country, 9; protein energy malnutrition, 23; statistics on, 2, 9; urban areas, 122
Mangroves degradation, 39
Markets: access, 106; development, 106; farmer disconnect with, 98, 105, 106; improving connection with farmers, 106; improving performance, 107; infrastructure and trade, 72–73, 75; infrastructure improvement, 106–107; instability, 35. See also Trade
Mgori Forest example, 85b
Microfinance: description, 73; need, 50, 52, 60, 73, 98, 104; women’s access, 52, 73, 98 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), 84,
116
Miombo woodlands, 5
Mixed crop-based (livestock production) systems, 30–31
Mixed cropping, 22
Monoculture/monocropping: agrochemicals, 25; biodiversity and, 68; description, 22;
GM crops, 68; productivity, 67, 100 Mopane woodlands, 5
Mycotoxins/mycotoxicoses, 24 N
Nagana, 33. See also Trypanosomiasis NARS (national agricultural research systems):
crop genetic resources, 21; participatory approaches, 103–104; research and development investments, 54, 55
NASSP (National Agriculture Services Support Program), 54
National agricultural research systems. See NARS (national agricultural research systems)
National Agriculture Services Support Program (NASSP), 54
National Water Act (South Africa 1998), 114, 115b
Natural fallows, 63
Natural resource management: agroforestry, 63–64; climate change, 62–63; cultivar development, 65; fiscal incentives, 114–
115, 115b; individual benefits and, 109;
integrated natural resource management, 61–62, 62f; integrated solutions, 109; land degradation, 62; land-tenure systems and, 115–116; private enterprises and, 109; soil degradation, 62; sustainability, 109–116;
tree domestication, 64; water management, 65–66; World Conservation Union (IUCN), 61
Natural resources: conflict and, 3, 61, 113;
degradation, 109; degradation costs, 98, 113–114; depletion effects, 2; description, 3; “marginally sustainable” land, 110;
sustainable use incentives, 113–114. See also specific resources
NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development), 21, 50, 55, 60, 69, 87, 90, 99, 100, 104b, 107, 108b, 113, 121 Newcastle disease (ND), 32, 34
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), 21, 50, 55, 60, 69, 87, 90, 99, 100, 104b, 107, 108b, 113, 121 NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 18,
19, 29, 34, 56, 60, 64, 102, 103, 104, 104b, 115
Nitrogen-fixing plants/trees, 63, 110, 111 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 18,
19, 29, 34, 56, 60, 64, 102, 103, 104, 104b, 115
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs), 118 Non-wood forest products (NWFPs), 84 Nutrition: deficiencies, 122; improving,
122–123
Nutritional security: fisheries and, 15, 36;
processing food and, 26; wildlife/livestock disease control, 34. See also Food security O
Oil and conflict, 3
Organic farming, 26, 68, 72, 74, 92 P
PADETES (Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System), 103 Pan-African land initiative, 108b
“Paper parks,” 116 Parasitic weeds, 23, 24, 26
Participatory approaches: climate change adaptation, 101; community driven development (CDD), 102–103; description, 101; food security, 101; forest management, 84, 85b, 86, 119; integrated crop
management (ICM), 102; integrated pest management (IPM), 101, 102; “linguistic divide,” 101, 112; modeling systems and, 104–105; NARS, 103–104; new breeds propagation, 15; research and development, 56, 101; technology transfer, 101; tree domestication, 64; value chain development, 101
Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System (PADETES), 103 Participatory GIS, 105
Participatory plant breeding (PPB), 101 Pastoralism: conflict with farmers, 16, 17;
description, 29–30; ethnoveterinary remedies, 68; rangeland management, 111–
112, 112b; regulations, 30; sustainability, 30; trends, 28; wildlife and, 30, 112. See also Livestock production
Patents: for biotechnologies, 68, 105;
exemptions, 105; GM/GMOs, 68, 105;
intellectual property rights, 105; laws, 105;
South Africa Patent Office, 70; traditional/
local knowledge, 56–57
Payment for ecosystem services (PES), 82, 93, 98, 119
Pesticides: human health problems, 52; Nile perch bans, 25; use, 25; WHO categories, 25. See also Chemicals
Pest management: resistant varieties, 24;
traditional/local knowledge, 24–25, 26. See also Integrated pest management (IPM) Pests: examples of, 24; postharvest storage, 24.
See also Diseases; specific pests Plantation forests, 34, 64
Pollution: air pollution, 5, 39, 120; paying for, 114; water pollution, 25, 110
Population of sub-Saharan Africa: problems from, 34, 50, 65; statistics, 9, 34 Population/urbanization percentage by
continents, 83t Postharvest losses, 73
Postharvest management: pests/disease and, 24; storage reasons, 24; traditional/local knowledge, 15, 24. See also Processing Poultry production: Newcastle disease and, 32,
34; overview, 28; predictions, 90
Poverty/poor people: deforestation and, 34; link with biomass use, 39; link with transport,
58; poverty line statistics, 2; vulnerability to climate change, 50
Poverty reduction: inequality reduction and, 10;
research and, 10; wildlife/livestock disease control, 34
Price stabilization and storage, 24 Privatizing agriculture, 42 Processing: inconsistencies, 26–27;
infrastructure inadequacies, 59; methods, 26–27; reasons for, 26; traditional/local knowledge, 26–27
Productivity of agriculture: Afrotropic terrestrial realm, 5; agropastoral systems, 30; aquaculture, 15, 36; decline statistics, 9; effects on poverty, 2, 10; fertilizers, 18, 62; fisheries, 36–37; forests in future, 84, 86; HIV/AIDS and, 9, 51–52, 57, 113, 123; livestock, 31–32, 32t; mixed crop-based systems, 30, 31; monoculture/
monocropping, 67, 100; pastoralism, 30;
rainfed agriculture, 66. See also Cereal production
Protected areas, 5
“Push-pull” habitat management, 26 R
Rainfed agriculture: AKST and, 65, 66;
prevalence, 16, 83; productivity, 66
“Range ecology,” 111 Rat control, 25
Regional Food Plan for Africa (AFPLAN), 54 Remittance services, 73
Research and development investments:
collaboration, 54–55; by country, 11, 11t;
disparities, 11, 11t, 100; economic returns, 10–11, 54; growth rate variations (1991-2000), 12t; international actors/initiatives, 54, 55–56; investment impacts overview, 10–11; NARS, 54, 55; national actors/
initiatives, 54; participatory approaches, 56, 101; as percentage of agricultural output, 99; private sector, 11, 100; public expenditures, 11t, 54; regional actors/
initiatives, 54–55; researcher numbers, 100; trends, 10–11. See also Agricultural development
Rice production: golden rice, 100; overview, 23; prevalence, 19; System of Rice Intensification, 22, 23
Rift Valley Fever (RVF), 15, 32 Rinderpest, 15, 27, 32–33 Rivers, 4
Roots production, 90, 92t Rotation types, 22 S
SADC (Southern African Development Community), 53, 55, 69, 70, 107 Savanna fallows, 22
Slash and burn agriculture, 17, 113
Sleeping sickness, 33. See also Trypanosomiasis
Sociocultural issues, 40–42
Soil: degradation, 2, 4, 65; management, 17–18; “marginally sustainable” land, 110; moisture stress, 2, 4; salinization, 18;
variability, 104; water retention, 110 Soil erosion: losses, 65; siltation effects, 4 Soil fertility: agroforestry and, 119; deficiencies,
4, 50, 62, 110; degradation effects, 2, 4; improving, 18, 62, 64; integrated management, 111; livestock production, 27;
macronutrient depletion rates, 6f; slash and burn agriculture, 17; technology, 63. See also Fertilizers, synthetic
Sorghum, 23
Southern African Development Community (SADC), 53, 55, 69, 70, 107
SRI (System of Rice Intensification), 22, 23
“Stacked gene” biotechnology, 57
Storage: infrastructure inadequacies, 59. See also Postharvest management
Striga (hermonthica), 23, 24, 26, 105 Sub-Saharan Africa: countries/regions list, 8t;
key messages, 2
Subsistence farming: description, 8; extension programs/services and, 103; prevalence, 22 Succulent Karoo, 4
Supermarket chains, 74
System of Rice Intensification (SRI), 22, 23 T
T&V (training and visit) systems, 53 Technology: adoption factors, 41–42; animal
genetic resources conservation, 28–29;
animal genetic resources management, 28–29; baskets of technology choices, 98, 102; colonial infrastructure, 56;
distribution, 56; diversified production and, 101; gender issues, 41–42, 50, 52–53, 101; improvement options, 101; “on the shelf,” 101; participatory approach, 102;
pastoralism needs, 30; traditional/local knowledge, 56–57
Technology transfer, 101, 110
“Teminator” technology, 21 Theileriosis, 32, 33 Ticks and diseases, 27, 33
Tourism: agroecosystems, 82, 93; wildlife, 112, 118
Tractors use, 17
Trade: capacity development, 106; changes/
trends in, 70; export statistics, 51;
globalization, 71–75, 107; improving,
105–107; industrial countries subsidies/
protection, 71, 72, 75; infrastructure improvement, 106–107; local trade/markets, 70; market-driven agriculture effects, 54;
market infrastructure, 72–73, 75; potential, 71; regional trade/markets, 70–71, 107;
regional trading areas, 70; standards/
certification, 72, 74; strategy to stimulate, 72; supermarket chains, 74; transportation infrastructure, 57–58; value-chain links, 73.
See also Markets Trade agreements, 70, 71
Trade liberalization, 71, 72, 75, 107 Traditional/local knowledge: animal genetic
resources, 28–29; innovation rights protection, 56–57; land management, 18;
patents and, 56–57; pest management, 24–25, 26; postharvest storage, 15, 24;
processing food, 26–27; technology, 56–57; veterinary medicine, 33, 34; water management, 18
“Tragedy of the commons,” 121 Training and visit (T&V) systems, 53
Transportation infrastructure: agricultural trade and, 57–58; description/statistics, 57–58 Tree crop-based farming system, 8 Trees: diversity, 67; domestication, 64;
germplasm in SSA, 67. See also Agroforestry; Forests
Trypanosomiasis, 15, 27, 32, 33–34 Tsetse flies, 33–34
Tubers production, 90, 92t U
Urbanization: description, 2; men and, 2, 41;
percentage by continents, 83t; processing food and, 26
V
Value addition, 26
Value chain development, 99, 101, 105–106 Veterinary medicine, 33, 34, 68
Vodafone, 60 W
WARDA (West Africa Rice Development Authority), 20, 23, 55
WASNET (West Africa Seed Network), 21 Water harvesting, 66, 112–113
Water hyacinth, 38
Water management: fair sharing, 66;
improving, 66, 112–113; infrastructure, 58;
improving, 66, 112–113; infrastructure, 58;