3.5 Elementos de manejo
3.5.2 Manejo con el aparato de control monopalanca Stoll Base Control
A
uthentication can be performed locally, or remotely using an LDAP, Radius, or TACACS+ authentication server. The default authentication method for the console server is Local.Any authentication method that is configured will be used for authentication of any user who attempts to log in through Telnet, SSH, or the Web Manager to the console server and any connected serial port or network host devices. You can configure the console server to the default (Local) or using an alternate authentication method (TACACS,
RADIUS, or LDAP). Optionally, you can select the order in which local and remote authentication is used: Local TACACS /RADIUS/LDAP: Tries local authentication first, falling back to remote if local fails.
TACACS /RADIUS/LDAP Local: Tries remote authentication first, falling back to local if remote fails. TACACS /RADIUS/LDAP Down Local: Tries remote authentication first, falling back to local if the remote
authentication returns an error condition (for example, if the remote authentication server is down or inaccessible).
9.1.1 Local authentication
Select Serial and Network: Authentication and check Local. Click Apply.
9.1.2 TACACS authentication
Perform the following procedure to configure the TACACS+ authentication method to use whenever the console server or any of its serial ports or hosts is accessed:
Select Serial and Network: Authentication and check TACAS or LocalTACACS or TACACSLocal or
Remote Console Manager
Enter the Server Address (IP or host name) of the remote Authentication/Authorization server. Multiple remote servers may be specified in a comma-separated list. Each server is tried in succession.
In addition to multiple remote servers, you can also enter separate lists of Authentication/ Authorization servers and Accounting servers. If no Accounting servers are specified, the Authentication/Authorization servers are used instead. Enter the Server Password.
Click Apply. TACAS+ remote authentication will now be used for all user access to console server and serially or network attached devices.
TACACS+ The Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS+) security protocol is a recent protocol developed by Cisco. It provides detailed accounting information and flexible administrative control over the authentication and authorization processes. TACACS+ allows for a single access control server (the TACACS+ daemon) to provide authentication, authorization, and accounting services independently. Each service can be tied into its own database to take advantage of other services available on that server or on the network, depending on the capabilities of the daemon. There is a draft RFC detailing this protocol. You can find further information on configuring remote TACACS+ servers at the following sites:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk59/technologies_tech_note09186a0080094e99.shtml
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/secursw/ps4911/products_user_guide_chapter09186a00800eb6d6.html http://cio.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios113ed/113ed_cr/secur_c/scprt2/sctplus.htm
9.1.3 RADIUS authentication
Perform the following procedure to configure the RADIUS authentication method to use whenever the console server or any of its serial ports or hosts is accessed:
Select Serial and Network: Authentication and check RADIUS or LocalRADIUS or RADIUSLocal or
RADIUSDownLocal.
Enter the Server Address (IP or host name) of the remote Authentication/ Authorization server. Multiple remote servers may be specified in a comma-separated list. Each server is tried in succession.
In addition to multiple remote servers, you can also enter separate lists of Authentication/ Authorization servers and Accounting servers. If no Accounting servers are specified, the Authentication/Authorization servers are used instead.128
724-746-5500 l www.blackbox.com
Enter the Server Password.
Click Apply. RADIUS remote authentication will now be used for all user access to console server and serially or network-attached devices.
RADIUS The Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) protocol was developed by Livingston Enterprises as an access server authentication and accounting protocol. The RADIUS server can support a variety of methods to authenticate a user. When it is provided with the username and original password given by the user, it can support PPP, PAP, or CHAP, UNIX login, and other authentication mechanisms. You can find further information on configuring remote RADIUS servers at the following sites:
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windowsserver2003/library/DepKit/d4fe8248-eecd-49e4-88f6- 9e304f97fefc.mspx
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk59/technologies_tech_note09186a00800945cc.shtml http://www.freeradius.org/
9.1.4 LDAP authentication
Perform the following procedure to configure the LDAP authentication method to use whenever the console server or any of its serial ports or hosts is accessed:
Select Serial and Network: Authentication and check LDAP or LocalLDAP or LDAPLocal or
LDAPDownLocal
Enter the Server Address (IP or host name) of the remote Authentication server. Multiple remote servers may be specified in a comma-separated list. Each server is tried in succession. Enter the Server Password.
Note To interact with LDAP requires that the user account exist on our console server to work with the remote server. (You can't just create the user on your LDAP server and not tell the console server about it.) You need to add the user account.
Click Apply. LDAP remote authentication will now be used for all user access to console server and serially or network attached devices.
Remote Console Manager
LDAP The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is based on the X.500 standard, but is significantly simpler and more readily adapted to meet custom needs. The core LDAP specifications are all defined in RFCs. LDAP is a protocol used to access information stored in an LDAP server. You can find further information on configuring remote RADIUS servers at the following sites:
http://www.ldapman.org/articles/intro_to_ldap.html http://www.ldapman.org/servers.html
http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/tutorials/5050/1/ http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/tutorials/5074/4/
9.1.5 RADIUS/TACACS User Configuration
Users may be added to the local console server appliance. If they are not added and they log in via remote AAA, a user will be added for them. This user will not show up in the Black Box configurators unless they are specifically added, at which point they are transformed into a completely local user. The newly added user must authenticate from the remote AAA server, and will have no access if it is down.
If a local user logs in, they may be authenticated and authorized from the remote AAA server, depending on the chosen priority of the remote AAA. A local user’s authorization is the union of local and remote privileges.
Example 1:
User Tim is locally added, and has access to ports 1 and 2. He is also defined on a remote TACACS server, which says he has access to ports 3 and 4. Tim may log in with either his local or TACACS password, and will have access to ports 1 through 4. If TACACS is down, he will need to use his local password, and will only be able to access ports 1 and 2.
Example 2:
User Ben is only defined on the TACACS server, which says he has access to ports 5 and 6. When he attempts to log in, a new user will be created for him, and he will be able to access ports 5 and 6. If the TACACS server is down he will have no access.
Example 3:
User Paul is defined on a RADIUS server only. He has access to all serial ports and network hosts. Example 4:
User Don is locally defined on an appliance using RADIUS for AAA. Even if Don is also defined on the RADIUS server, he will only have access to those serial ports and network hosts he has been authorized to use on the appliance.
If a “no local AAA” option is selected, then root will still be authenticated locally.
You can add remote users to the admin group via either RADIUS or TACACS. Users may have a set of authorizations set on the remote TACACS server. Users automatically added by RADIUS will have authorization for all resources, whereas those added locally will still need their authorizations specified.
LDAP has not been modified, and will still need locally defined users.
9.2
PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)
The console server supports RADIUS, TACACS+, and LDAP for two-factor authentication via PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules). PAM is a flexible mechanism for authenticating users. Nowadays, a number of new ways of authenticating users have become popular. The challenge is that each time a new authentication scheme is developed, you need to rewrite all the necessary programs (login, ftpd, etc.) to support it.
PAM provides a way to develop programs that are independent of authentication scheme. These programs need “authentication modules” to be attached to them at run-time in order to work. Which authentication module is attached depends on the local system setup and is at the discretion of the local Administrator.