Manejo de glaucoma

Using the Protel schematics software, designed this PCB.

Protel for windows PCB 1.5 capabilities:

Protel for windows PCB is a complete PCB layout environment with many attractive features for productive design work. You can use Protel for windows PCB as a stand-alone manual board layout. When combined with the schematics capture package, Protel for windows PCB becomes the backbone of fully automated, end to end design system that features a high degree of design automation and integration. However you use Protel for windows PCB, you will appreciate its helps of use and the high degree of flexibility built into this proven PCB design system.

PCB generates through hole and design and SND design of up to sixteen signal layers, plus four mid layer power planes and four mechanical drawing layers. Board size can be as big as 100 inches (or 81 cm) square. Placement accuracy is to 1/1,000,000 inch (.001 mil or .00025 mm).

Metric/imperial grid system allows you to work accurately in both measurement system and the gird can be “toggled” Between metric and imperial modes as you design by pressing Q.

A PCB design is a series of layers which correspond to the individual “tools” used to create the board such as the top and bottom signal layers independently and some operations, such as track placement and layers dependent – you must first select the layers and then place the track. PCB print/plot options also reflect this requirement for “layered” design.

PCB design differs from other drawing tasks in its requirements for extreme precision.

As a result, PCB is more of a “placing” environment than a freehand “drawing” environment. Another fundamental difference is connectivity – PCB’s ability to recognize connection between track

Bidirectional Visitor Counter

PCB fabrication :

The proposed PCB has been carefully designed by considering all the aspects such as the overall circuit functionality, size requirements, electromagnetic interface, etc. once the PCB pattern is photographed and reproduce on clear plastic sheet. The plastic sheet is placed over a copper glass epoxy or phenolic board, the assembly is injected to undergo a photochemical process and the resulting copper coated board consists of printed tracks which interconnect the components as per the schematic design. The basic material used for making printed circuit board is copper clad phenolic resin laminate. For general use, fuse boards are single sided.

The procedure for making PCB is as follows,

 The board has to be cut to the required size and the copper surface has to be cleaned.

 The drawing of the circuit through which conduction takes place is made on the copper surface using resist inks.

 Then the uncovered copper areas are etched away in chemical bath.

 The resist ink is removed to expose copper conducting areas.

 Degreasing and cleaning the board are necessary to ensure that the areas take solder readily.

 Layout starts with an experimental design of components position and connections are required.

 Connections on a PCB should cross and sketching is usually done when components positions are to be altered. Tracking of the PCB plane has to be made after having arrived at a suitable layout.

 The copper surface should be cleaned and dried before sketching the circuit in the board.

 After tracking the pattern on the copper surface, this pattern then painted with resist marker pen. It is allowed to dry for about 15 minutes.

 The board is placed in the path such that the copper surface is kept facing upwards.

 This process is to be continued until all the tracks of copper have disappeared from the surface.

 After etching, the board is removed and washed under running water to remove traces of chemicals.

 Finally it is dried with soft cloth. The rest should be done is drilling.

The points to be considered while drilling are,

 Drilling should carryout such that the copper side is upper most. The use of a sharp drill is a must.

 A hard material under the board prevents the points of the drill from tearing up a lump out of the back of the board, when the drill breaks through.

 To prevent the drill running of its correct position while drilling, the point to be drilled has to be spotted with the center punch.

 Vertical drill stand is best suited for drilling PCB’s. This should ensure square holes. Due to small size drill is used breakage rate can be high.

 The original tracking will be helpful for making the components positions on the plan side of the board, which acts a guide for components assembly.

Bidirectional Visitor Counter

5.2 PCB Layout

PCB Layout for Bidirectional Visitor Counting Circuit:

6. Conclusion

Thus the project entitled “Bidirectional Visitor Counter” helps to measure the visitor entering and exiting a particular passage or way. The circuit counts both entering and exiting visitors and displays the number of visitors present inside the hall. Visitor counting is not limited to the entry/exit point of a company but has a wide range of applications that provide information to management on the volume and flow of people throughout a location.

the visitor helps to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of employees, floor area and sales potential of an organization.

The circuit may also be enhanced with a wide counting range of above three digits by modifying software section of the system. It can also be enhanced for long and accurate sensing range using a laser torch instead of IR transmission circuit. Thus the circuit can be used to monitor visitor flow in effective manner, where the visitors have to counted and controlled.