2. Marco teórico
2.1. Historia de los museos
2.1.7. Manierismo
The results of plasma glucose concentration of group A, B and C are presented in Table (2) and Fig. (5).
The level of plasma glucose is significantly (P<0.05) higher in all the groups after one hour following glucose administration compared to time zero (fasting level).
The control group (Group A) which was injected with only glucose showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in plasma glucose level after one hour compared to the pretreatment level. Then gradual decrease occurred and after four hours following treatment the plasma glucose level was still higher than the pretreatment level.
Group B which was given glucose simultaneously with glibenclamide drug showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in plasma glucose level after one hour following treatment compared to the pretreatment level and after two and four hours following treatment the level of plasma glucose is decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared to one hour. However, the level of blood glucose after four hour is non - significantly (P<0.05) different compared to time zero.
In group C which was given glucose simultaneously with raw camel milk the increase in plasma glucose level is significantly (P<0.05) higher after one hour following treatment compared to the pretreatment level. While after two hours following treatment the level of plasma glucose is significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to the level at one
Table (2): The effect of raw camel milk on plasma glucose concentration in induced-hyperglycemic Wistar albino rats.
Means (±SE) within the same row having different superscript small letters are significantly different at (P<0.05).
Means (±SE) within the same column having different superscript capital letters are significantly different at (P<0.05).
Group A: injected with glucose at a dose of 2 gm/kg Bwt intraperitoneally (IP).
Group B: injected with glucose at a dose of 2 gm/kg Bwt (IP) and given orally 10 mg/kg Bwt glibenclamide.
Group C: injected with glucose at a dose of 2 gm/kg Bwt (IP) and given orally 16 ml/kg Bwt raw camel milk.
Glucose (mg/dl) following injection Parameter
Groups Fasting
one hour Two hours Four hours
A 82.33±1.23dA 146.00±2.13aA 130.00±2.13bA 103.33±1.74cA B 86.00±1.24cA 142.67±2.601aA 106.17±3.38bC 82.83±0.79c B C 84.00±1.24cA 144.33±2.50aA 114.17±2.90bB 86.17±1.19c B
hour. However, after four hours following treatment the plasma glucose level is non- significantly different compared to time zero.
The different treated groups were compared to the control group which showed typical performance of glucose tolerance test (GTT) with considerable increase and gradual decrease toward the fasting level.
In group B the level of plasma glucose after fasting and one hour is non - significantly different compared to the control group. However the level of plasma glucose after two and four hours is significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to the control group.
In group C the level of plasma glucose after fasting and one hour is non-significantly different compared to the control group. However, the level of plasma glucose after two and four hours is significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to the control group.
There is no significant difference (P<0.05) between the treated groups (B and C) after fasting, one and four hours. The blood glucose level after two hour is significantly (P< 0.05) lower in group B compared to group C.
Fig. (5): The effect of raw camel milk on plasma glucose concentration in induced-hyperglycemic Wistar albino rats.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Fasting One hour Two hours Four hours
Glucose (mg/dl)
A B C
Group A: Injected with glucose at a dose of 2 gm/kg Bwt intraperitoneally (IP).
Group B: Injected with glucose at a dose of 2 gm/kg Bwt (IP) and 10 mg/kg Bwt glibenclamide.
Group C: Injected with glucose at a dose of 2 gm/kg Bwt (IP) and given orally 16 ml/kg raw camel milk.
CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION
There is an increasing global concern about the role of the food in health and disease. The concept is consistent with historic belief that natural substances play an important role in prevention and treatment.
Camel milk is of putative hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycaemic effect in Sudanese traditional medicine (personal communication, 2007).
Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of raw camel milk nutrients on the levels of plasma lipids profile and glucose concentration in induced hypercholesterolemic and hyperglycemic rats.
Experiment (1) was conducted to study the effect of raw camel milk on the levels of plasma lipids profile in induced hypercholesterolemic rats.
In this experiment hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats by feeding 1% cholesterol enriched diet which caused a remarkable increase of plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides. The study showed that administration of 16 ml/kg Bwt of raw camel milk twice daily caused insignificant decrease in the levels of plasma total cholesterol, LDL-c, and triglycerides compared to the control group. This decrease corresponds to (10.32%), (23.06%) and (3.69%) for total cholesterol, LDL-c and triglycerides respectively in comparison with cholesterol fed untreated group. The results revealed that there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the levels of plasma HDL-c in camel milk treated group compared to the control group. These findings are in line with Agrawal et al. (2003) who reported that the oral administration of 500 ml of raw camel milk for
three months did not significantly affect the levels of plasma lipid profiles of type one diabetic patients. Similar result was found by Mahamad et al.
(2006) who reported that camel milk have no significant effect on the serum lipids profile at 500 ml/kg Bwt when it was given to type 1 diabetic patients for 4 weeks. The effect of camel milk on cholesterol is attributed to vitamin C content which acts as antioxidant (Agrawal et al., 2004). The insignificant effect reported in this study may be due to the fact that vitamin C which is found in camel milk is not quite enough to decrease the plasma cholesterol level.
In contrast Elayan et al. (2008) found hypocholesterolemic effect of fermented camel milk (gariss) in diet- induced hypercholesterolemic rats.
They reported that supplementation of 0.5 g gariss for 6 weeks reduced the level of plasma total cholesterol, LDL-c and triglyceride with no significant effect on HDL-c. Suzuki et al. (1991) reported that fermented dairy product have been recommended as dietary supplement because of their hypocholesterolemic effect. The source of variation may be due to the fact that fermented milk contains more hypocholesterolemic factors greater than milk (Eichholzer and Stahelin, 1993).
Experiment (2) was performed to investigate the effect of raw camel milk in achieving glycemic control in comparison to glibenclamide (a hypoglycaemic drug) in glucose loaded rats. The results obtained indicated that the oral administration of raw camel milk simultaneously with glucose to rats resulted in a significant decrease of plasma glucose concentration compared to the control group. This result is in agreement with Agrawal et al. (2004) who investigated the effect of raw camel milk
on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. They found that there was a significant decrease in blood glucose concentration in rats received 250 ml of camel raw milk for three weeks. It has been found that the hypoglycaemic effect of raw camel milk is presumed to be due to presence of insulin like protein (Singh, 2001) which increased the uptake of glucose by cells, providing the same biological activity as insulin itself. Beg et al. (1986) reported that the amino acid sequence of some protein of camel milk has superficial similarity to insulin peptides.
Wangoh (1993) reported that the therapeutic efficacy of raw camel milk is due to the lack of coagulum formation in the stomach which allows the camel milk to pass rapidly together with insulin like protein and remain available for absorption.
Furthermore, the result showed that the hypoglycaemic effect of camel milk was significantly (P<0.05) lower when compared to the commonly used hypoglycaemic drug glibenclamide. This is due to the fact that the drug stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells and increases the sensitivity of peripheral tissue to insulin (Rang and Dale, 1991).
CONCLUSION
The results of the current study concluded that raw camel milk has no beneficial effect on plasma lipid profiles. The study also demonstrated that the raw camel milk possesses hypoglycemic activity and this finding has important implication in clinical management.
Further comparative investigations are required using different doses and for longer time, which may be more helpful in establishing wide uses of camel milk.
Further studies are required to show the effect of camel milk insulin like protein on type one diabetes mellitus.
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