Manual de marca (Brand Book)

Identification, Repair, and Mitigation of Cracking of Steel Equipment in Fuel Ethanol Service

Usage of fuel ethanol as an oxygenate additive in gasoline blends is increasing both in the United States and internationally. This document discusses stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon steel tanks, piping and equipment exposed to fuel ethanol as a consequence of being in the distribution system, at ethanol distribution facilities, or end user facilities where the fuel ethanol is eventually added to gasoline. Such equipment includes but is not limited to: storage tanks, piping and related handling

equipment, and pipelines that are used in distribution, handling, storage and blending of fuel ethanol. However, data for pipelines in ethanol service is limited and caution should be used when applying guidelines from this document which have been derived mainly from applications involving piping and tanks in ethanol storage and blending facilities. SCC of other metals and alloys is beyond the scope of this document as is the corrosion of steel in this service. Pages: 37

1st Edition | November 2008 | Product Number: C939E01 | Price: $136.00 RP 1102

Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways (includes Errata dated November 2008)

This recommended practice gives primary emphasis to provisions for public safety. It covers the design, installation, inspection, and testing required to ensure safe crossings of steel pipelines under railroads and highways. The provisions apply to the design and construction of welded steel pipelines under railroads and highways. The provisions of this practice are formulated to protect the facility crossed by the pipeline, as well as to provide adequate design for safe installation and operation of the pipeline.

The provisions herein should be applicable to the construction of pipelines crossing under railroads and highways and to the adjustment of existing pipelines crossed by railroad or highway construction. This practice should not be applied retroactively. Neither should it apply to pipelines under contract for construction on or prior to the effective date of this edition.

Neither should it be applied to directionally drilled crossings or to pipelines installed in utility tunnels. Pages: 39

7th Edition | December 2007 | Product Number: D11021 | Price: $112.00 Std 1104

Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities

(includes Errata/Addendum dated July 2007 and Errata 2 dated December 2008)

Covers the gas and arc welding of butt, fillet, and socket welds in carbon and low-alloy steel piping used in the compression, pumping, and transmission of crude petroleum, petroleum products, fuel gases, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and, where applicable, covers welding on distribution systems. It applies to both new construction and in-service welding. The welding may be done by a shielded metal-arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas tungsten-arc welding, gas metal-arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, plasma arc welding, oxyacetylene welding, or flash butt welding process or by a combination of these processes using a manual, semiautomatic, mechanized, or automatic welding technique or a combination of these techniques. The welds may be produced by position or roll welding or by a combination of position and roll welding.

This standard also covers the procedures for radiographic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and ultrasonic testing, as well as the acceptance standards to be applied to production welds tested to destruction or inspected by radiographic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, and visual testing methods.

It is intended that all work performed in accordance with this standard shall meet or exceed the requirements of this standard. Pages: 70

20th Edition | October 2005 | Product Number: D110420 | Price: $286.00 You may access Std 1104 in a read-only platform at: publications.api.org RP 1109 „

Marking Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Facilities (includes Errata, November 2010)

Addresses the permanent marking of liquid petroleum pipeline transportation facilities. It covers the design, message, installation, placement, inspection, and maintenance of markers and signs on pipeline facilities located onshore and at inland waterway crossings. Markers and signs indicate the presence of a pipeline facility and warn of the potential hazards associated with its presence and operation. The markers and signs

may contain information to be used by the public when reporting

emergencies and seeking assistance in determining the precise location of a buried pipeline.

The provisions of this RP cover the minimum marker and sign requirements for liquid petroleum pipeline facilities. Alternative markers, which are recommended for some locations under certain circumstances, are also discussed. The pipeline operator is responsible for determining the extent of pipeline marking. Consideration should be given to the consequences of pipeline failure or damage; hazardous characteristics of the commodity being transported; and the pipeline proximity to industrial, commercial, residential, and environmentally sensitive areas. The pipeline marking programs are also integral parts of the pipeline operator maintenance and emergency plans.

This RP is not intended to be applied retroactively. Its recommendations are for new construction and for normal marker maintenance programs subsequent to the effective date of this edition. Pages: 13

4th Edition | October 2010 | Product Number: D11094 | Price: $86.00 You may access RP 1109 in a read-only platform at: publications.api.org RP 1110

Pressure Testing of Steel Pipelines for the Transportation of Gas, Petroleum Gas, Hazardous Liquids, Highly Volatile Liquids or Carbon Dioxide

This document provides guidelines for pressure testing steel pipelines for the transportation of gas, petroleum gas, hazardous liquids, highly volatile liquids or carbon dioxide. The document provides guidance so that:

• Pipeline Operators can select a pressure tests suitable for the conditions under which the test will be conducted. This includes, but is not limited to, pipeline material characteristics, pipeline operating conditions and vari-ous types of anomalies or other risk factors that may be present.

• Pressure tests are planned in order to meet overall objectives of the pres-sure test.

• Site-specific procedures are developed and followed and followed during all phases of the pressure testing process.

• Pressure tests consider both personal safety and environmental impacts.

• Pressure tests are implemented by qualified personnel.

• Pressure tests are conducted in order to meet stated acceptance criteria and pressure test objectives.

• Pressure test records are developed, completed and retained for useful life of facility.

Users of this document should be aware that further or differing requirements may be necessary for some applications. No information contained herein is intended to inhibit the use of engineering solutions that are not covered by the document. This may be particularly applicable where there is innovative developing technology. Where an alternative is offered, the document may be used, provided any and all variations from the

recommended practice are identified and documented. Pages: 18 5th Edition | June 2007 | Product Number: D11105 | Price: $93.00 RP 1111

Recommended Practice for the Design, Construction, Operation, and Maintenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limited State Design)

This document sets criteria for the design, construction, testing, operation, and maintenance of offshore steel pipelines used in the production, production support, or transportation of hydrocarbons from the outlet flange of a production facility.

The criteria applies to transportation piping facilities located on production platforms after separation and treatment, including meter facilities, gas compression facilities, liquid pumps, and associated piping and appurtenances. This document may also be used for water injection pipelines offshore.

Limit state design has been incorporated into the document to provide a uniform factor of safety with respect to rupture or burst failure as the primary design condition independent of the pipe diameter, wall thickness, and grade.

The criteria contained in this document are intended to permit the economical transportation of hydrocarbons while providing for the safety of life and property and the protection of the environment. The general adoption of these criteria should assure that offshore hydrocarbon pipelines possess the requisite structural integrity for their safe and efficient operation.

Pages: 68

4th Edition | December 2009 | Product Number: D11114 | Price: $129.00 RP 1113

Developing a Pipeline Supervisory Control Center (Supersedes the 3rd Edition of Publ 1113)

This document focuses on the design aspects that may be considered appropriate for developing or revamping a control center. A pipeline supervisory control center is a facility where the function of centralized monitoring and controlling of a pipeline system occurs. This document is not all-inclusive. It is intended to cover best practices and provide guidelines for developing a control center only. It does not dictate operational control philosophy or overall SCADA system functionality. This document is intended to apply to control centers for liquids pipelines; however, many of the considerations may also apply to gas control center design. Pages: 10 1st Edition | August 2007 | Product Number: D11131 | Price: $82.00 RP 1114

Design of Solution-Mined Underground Storage Facilities Provides basic guidance on the design and development of new solution-mined underground storage facilities. It is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of geologists, engineers, and other personnel in the petroleum industry. Users of this guide are reminded that no publication of this type can be complete nor can any written document be substituted for qualified, site-specific engineering analysis.

All aspects of solution-mined underground storage are covered, including selecting an appropriate site, physically developing the cavern, and testing and commissioning the cavern. Additionally, a section on plug and abandonment practices is included.

Does not apply to caverns used for waste disposal purposes. See API RP 1115 for guidance in the operation of solution-mined underground storage facilities. Pages: 30

1st Edition | June 1994 | Reaffirmed: June 1, 2007 Product Number: D11141 | Price: $83.00 RP 1115

Operation of Solution-Mined Underground Storage Facilities Provides basic guidance on the operation of solution-mined underground hydrocarbon liquid or liquefied petroleum gas storage facilities. This document is intended for first-time cavern engineers or supervisors, but would also be valuable to those people experienced in cavern operations.

This recommended practice is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of geologists, engineers, and other personnel in the petroleum industry. All aspects of solution-mined underground storage operation, including cavern hydraulics, brine facilities, wellhead and hanging strings, and cavern testing are covered. Users of this guide are reminded that no publication of this type can be complete, nor can any written document be substituted for effective site-specific operating procedures.

Does not apply to caverns used for natural gas storage, waste disposal purposes, caverns which are mechanically mined, depleted petroleum reserve cavities, or other underground storage systems which are not solution-mined. Pages: 16

1st Edition | September 1994 | Reaffirmed: June 1, 2007 Product Number: D11151 | Price: $83.00

71

RP 1117

Recommended Practice for Movement in In-Service Pipelines (includes Errata dated December 2008)

Covers the design, execution, inspection, and safety of a pipeline-lowering or other movement operation conducted while the pipeline is in service. (In this document, the terms lowering and movement can be used interchangeably.) This recommended practice presents general guidelines for conducting a pipeline-movement operation without taking the pipeline out of service. It also presents equations for estimating the induced stresses. To promote the safety of the movement operation, it describes stress limits and procedures.

Additionally, it outlines recommendations to protect the pipeline against damage. The practicality and safety of trench types, support systems, and lowering or other methods are considered. Inspection procedures and limitations are presented. Pages: 33

3rd Edition | July 2008 | Product Number: D11173 | Price: $128.00 RP 1130

Computational Pipeline Monitoring for Liquids Pipelines Focuses on the design, implementation, testing and operation of CPM systems that use an algorithmic approach to detect hydraulic anomalies in pipeline operating parameters. The primary purpose of these systems is to provide tools that assist Pipeline Controllers in detecting commodity releases that are within the sensitivity of the algorithm. It is intended that the CPM system would provide an alarm and display other related data to the Pipeline Controllers to aid in decision-making. The Pipeline Controllers would undertake an immediate investigation, confirm the reason for the alarm and initiate an operational response to the hydraulic anomaly when it represents an irregular operating condition or abnormal operating condition or a commodity release. The purpose of this recommended practice is to assist the Pipeline Operator in identifying issues relevant to the selection, implementation, testing, and operation of a CPM system. Pages: 42 1st Edition | September 2007 | Product Number: D011301 | Price: $108.00 You may access RP 1130 in a read-only platform at: publications.api.org RP 1133

Guidelines for Onshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines Affecting High Consequence Floodplains

Sets out criteria for the design, construction, operation, maintenance and abandonment of onshore pipelines that could affect high consequence floodplains and associated commercially navigable waterways. This document applies only to steel pipelines that transport gas, hazardous liquids, alcohols or carbon dioxide.

The design, construction, inspection and testing provisions of this document should not apply to pipelines that were designed or installed prior to the latest revision of this publication. The operation and maintenance provisions of this document should apply to existing facilities. The contents in this document should not be considered a fixed rule for application without regard to sound engineering judgment. Pages: 9

1st Edition | February 2005 | Reaffirmed: February 23, 2010 Product Number: D11331 | Price: $79.00

Publ 1149

Pipeline Variable Uncertainties and Their Effects on Leak Detectability This study quantifies the effects of variables on leak detection using common software-based leak detection methods. This study provides a data base and a step-by-step methodology to evaluate leak detection potential of a given pipeline with specified instrumentation and SCADA capabilities.

Incremental improvement of leak detectability resulting from upgrading individual variables can also be determined.

The utility of the results from this study is to enable users (i.e. pipeline companies) to determine the achievable level of leak detection for a specific pipeline with a specified set of instrumentation and SCADA system. The results also help users to understand the sensitivity of leak detectability with respect to the variables involved. This information is useful in several ways:

investigating the feasibility of leak detection systems, justifying and prioritizing changes to instrumentation and SCADA systems, configuring pipeline and measurement stations, and aiding leak detection operations.

Three general types of software-based leak detection methods are addressed in this study: (1) mass balance, (2) mass balance with lineful correction, and (3) transient flow analysis. The leak detection potential of these methods are discussed based on hydraulics to the extent possible.

The liquids considered are crude oils and refined petroleum products such as gasoline, jet fuel, and fuel oil.

The pipeline configuration considered is a pipe segment with pressure, temperature, and volumetric flow measurements at each end. During steady-state flow, this configuration applies to pipelines with booster pumping stations where rates of flow are measured only at the inlet and the outlet of the entire system. All variables affecting leak detection are listed. General relationships between the variable uncertainties and leak detection potential are analyzed. The methodology are described and verified with field tests.

The variables are ranked according to their importance to leak detectability.

A step-by-step method and a data base are established to enable simple hand calculations for establishing leak detectability based on mass balance.

The method and the data base are verified with field data. The rationale and the procedure to establish leak detectability using mass balance with line pack correction and transient flow simulations are given and illustrated with examples and field trial results. Pages: 118

1st Edition | November 1993 | Product Number: D11491 | Price: $182.00 Std 1160

Managing System Integrity for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines This standard outlines a process that an operator of a pipeline system can use to assess risks and make decisions about risks in operating a hazardous liquid pipeline in order to reduce both the number of incidents and the adverse effects of errors and incidents.

An integrity management program provides a means to improve the safety of pipeline systems and to allocate operator resources effectively to: identify and analyze actual and potential precursor events that can result in pipeline incidents; examine the likelihood and potential severity of pipeline incidents;

provide a comprehensive and integrated means for examining and comparing the spectrum of risks and risk reduction activities available;

provide a structured, easily communicated means for selecting and implementing risk reduction activities; and, establish and track system performance with the goal of improving that performance.

This standard is intended for use by individuals and teams charged with planning, implementing, and improving a pipeline integrity management program. Typically a team would include engineers, operating personnel, and technicians or specialists with specific experience or expertise (corrosion, in -line inspection, right-of-way patrolling, etc.). Users of this standard should be familiar with the pipeline safety regulations (Title 49 CFR Part 195), including the requirements for pipeline operators to have a written pipeline integrity program, and to conduct a baseline assessment and periodic reassessments of pipeline management integrity. Pages: 72 1st Edition | August 2001 | Reaffirmed: November 19, 2008 Product Number: D11601 | Price: $186.00

You may access Std 1160 in a read-only platform at: publications.api.org Publ 1161

Guidance Document for the Qualification of Liquid Pipeline Personnel Provides guidance to the liquids pipeline industry. The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) requires that pipeline operators develop a written qualification program to evaluate personnel and contractor ability to perform covered tasks and to recognize and respond to abnormal operating conditions that may be encountered while performing these covered tasks.

This is a performance-based qualification program. Pages: 96 1st Edition | August 2000 | Product Number: D11611 | Price: $227.00 You may access Publ 1161 in a read-only platform at: publications.api.org

RP 1162 „

Public Awareness Programs for Pipeline Operators

Provides guidance for pipeline operators to develop and manage public awareness programs tailored to meet the needs of the community. It is meant to raise the quality of public awareness programs and align baseline core safety messages across the oil and gas industry.

The scope of this RP covers the development, implementation, evaluation, and documentation of public awareness programs associated with the normal operation of existing pipeline systems and facilities, including transmission pipelines, local distribution systems and gathering lines.

Two important objectives of this RP are to provide a framework to help each pipeline operator create and manage a public awareness program as well as a process for periodic program evaluation to encourage each operator to enhance the program, at the operator discretion, as circumstances warrant.

Communications related to new pipeline construction, offshore operations, and during emergencies are not covered by this RP, nor is it intended to provide guidance to operators for communications about operator-specific performance measures that are addressed through other means of communication or regulatory reporting.

Provides the operator with the elements of a recommended baseline public awareness program and considerations to determine when and how to enhance the program to provide the appropriate level of public awareness outreach. Enhancements may affect messages, delivery frequency and methods, geographic coverage areas, program evaluation, and other elements. Pages: 59

2nd Edition | December 2010 | Product Number: D11622 | Price: $120.00 You may access RP 1162 in a read-only platform at: publications.api.org Std 1163

In-line Inspection Systems Qualification Standard

Covers the use of in-line inspection systems for onshore and offshore gas and hazardous liquid pipelines. It includes, but is not limited to, tethered or free flowing systems for detecting metal loss, cracks, mechanical damage, pipeline geometries, and pipeline location or mapping, The document

Covers the use of in-line inspection systems for onshore and offshore gas and hazardous liquid pipelines. It includes, but is not limited to, tethered or free flowing systems for detecting metal loss, cracks, mechanical damage, pipeline geometries, and pipeline location or mapping, The document