Maquinaria para helado duro Big Hard Ice Cream

S. No Expenditure Monthly Expenditure (Rs.) Cost per Year (Rs.) a operational cost

1 Salary of water person no. of water

persons x monthly salary

1 x 12 months =

2 electricity bill 2a. fixed charges per hand pump

x total hand pumps

2b. Pumping hours x hand pump x 0.75 x 31 x unit charges

2a x 12 + 2b x 365 days =

3 chlorination (approx. 5 grams of Tcl per 1,000 litres)

4 Testing of water samples lump sum

5 VWSc office expenses/bill collector lump sum B Maintenance and repair costs

1 Maintenance and repair of water supply system

lump sum

2 Maintenance and repair of source lump sum c Depreciation cost

Total

at this stage, arguments will probably erupt and people will voice their opinions about the water tariffs. This will probably lead to discussion of a volumetric-based water tariff, which in general can save on water consumption by approximately 30-40 per cent, thereby contributing to

source sustainability.

i M P l e M e n T aT i o n a n D M o n i T o r i n g P r o c e S S

it has been observed that lack of attention to the important aspect of o&M of the majority of water supply schemes often leads to deterioration of the useful life of the systems, necessitating premature replacement of many components. regardless of investments in the systems costing millions of rupees, they are thus unable to provide effective services to the communities for which they have been constructed, given that they are defective or underutilised for most of the time.

Some of the key issues contributing to the poor o&M have been identified as:

l lack of finance, inadequate information on o&M

l inappropriate system design and inadequate workmanship

l Multiplicity of agencies, with overlapping responsibilities

l inadequate training of personnel

l low attraction of maintenance jobs in career planning

l lack of performance evaluation and regular monitoring

l inadequate emphasis on preventive maintenance

l lack of operation manuals

l lack of appreciation of the importance of facilities by the community

l lack of real time field information, etc.

a need, therefore, exists for clear-cut sector policies and a proper legal framework, together with clear demarcation of responsibilities and mandates within the water supply sub-sector.

india’s experience reveals that, in the case of pumping schemes, around 20-40 per cent of the total annual o&M costs are generally accounted for by salaries and 30-50 per cent by power charges, with the balance utilised for consumables, repairs and replacement of parts and machinery, and miscellaneous charges. in most indian cities, the

Measures such as leakage control and water metering will help to reduce wastage and increase revenues for the local providers to the maximum extent possible.

Several pilot studies conducted in india have shown water losses in the distribution systems to be of the order of 20-50 per cent of the total flow in the systems.

it has been noted that maximum leakage (more than 80 per cent) occurs in the distribution system and house connections. Moreover, losses also occur at the source, points in the transmission system, as well as in the treatment plants and reservoirs, which may total a further 10-20 per cent of overall output.

in india, where water supply is often intermittent (supply hours ranging from three to 10 hours), external pollution may get sucked into the system through leakage points during non-supply hours (i.e., when the system is not under pressure), thereby causing

health hazards.

a systematic approach towards wastage, leakage and preventive maintenance needs to form an integral part of o&M on a regular basis with the aim of saving considerable quantities of water, preventing contamination, improving pressure in the distribution system and increasing revenues in order to make the systems self-sufficient. if such measures are adopted by the water supply agencies in india, there could possibly be no immediate need to introduce schemes for increasing water supply.

Water metering is desirable from two points of view:

a) To minimise wastage

b) To maintain economically feasible water pricing according to current practice, consumers own their domestic meters and, therefore, they have direct access to the meters. it would perhaps be worthwhile to explore the possibility of the respective water supply agencies and local bodies owning such meters

Box 4.1. O&M and Water Conservation

T o o l k i T f o r T h e P r e P a r aT i o n o f a D r i n k i n g WaT e r S e c u r i T y P l a n T o o l k i T f o r T h e P r e P a r aT i o n o f a D r i n k i n g WaT e r S e c u r i T y P l a n

4.2 Monitoring

Monitoring is the continuous assessment of project implementation in relation to agreed schedules, and of the use of inputs, infrastructure and services by project beneficiaries.

Monitoring provides managers and other stakeholders with continuous feedback on implementation, identifying actual or potential successes and problems at an early stage to facilitate timely adjustments to project operation.

evaluation is the periodic assessment of a project's relevance, performance, efficiency and impact (both expected and unexpected) vis-à-vis stated objectives.

for monitoring:

l identify the activities/indicators/outcomes to be monitored.

l Decide how the findings will be acted on.

l identify sources for monitoring data and data collection methods.

l Schedule monitoring.

l Design and pre-test simple forms and questionnaires for recording information.

for evaluation:

l review project objectives and relevant project activities in terms of expected outcomes.

l identify indicators/outcome measures for evaluation.

l Determine sources of data for evaluation and data collection methods.

l Plan for data collection, including schedule and staff.

To plan for Monitoring and evaluation (M&e), specify the information that will be needed, how it will be used for decision-making and how progress and impacts will be measured. Plans for M&e should be prepared at the same time and merged with plans for the overall project. at the start of the planning process, decide how M&e data will be followed through. ensure that each piece of data that is collected has a purpose in order to ensure that M&e is a meaningful process that can benefit the project’s objectives. a suggested M&e framework is shown in Table 4.5.

i M P l e M e n T aT i o n a n D M o n i T o r i n g P r o c e S S

Results Indicator Means of Verification reduction in

flood irrigation

no. of farmers and area under drip irrigation

Baseline, midline and endline survey report agriculture Department Monitoring report increased number of

rainwater harvesting structures

no. of rainwater harvesting structures in catchment area

Baseline, midline and endline survey report agriculture Department Monitoring report

improvement in water quality

Water quality data Water quality test reports

reduction of waterborne diseases

no. of cases of waterborne diseases

local clinic and hospital records

increased number of toilets and their usage

no. of toilets constructed records provided by gP/VWSc

regular VWSc meeting no. of regular meetings held by the VWSc

VWSc meeting (and resolutions)

Preparation of o&M budget

annual o&M budget in place VWSc and gP meeting to confirm approval of o&M budget and expenditure

Preparation of water budget

Water budget in place VWSc and gP meeting to confirm approval of o&M budget and expenditure

improved water charges recovery

% recovery of water charges VWSc and gP records

reduction in

consumption of water and electricity

(needed for pumping)

electricity bills and meter-reading

improvement in groundwater table

groundwater table records groundwater table monitored by VWSc/gP

increased number of elected representatives who engage with the project benefits

Parliamentarians, Members of lesgislative assembly who can identify the benefits

interviews, baseline data

Media informed and motivated to report on DWSP

no. of news items and exposure in international, national, regional and local media

Media monitoring and analysis