1.- Sexualidad 2.- Vergüenza
10. María describe sus experiencias en el estado de sueño, continuación
• Religious Practice
For many people some form of religious practice will help to cope with stress, particularly if it is a major life event such as bereavement, accident or chronic illness. There are, however, some possible dangers if the particular belief is of a fatalistic nature. “It is in the hands of God” may prevent some individuals from trying to resolve their own problems.
• Counselling Techniques
Many individuals will benefit not only from professional counselling but also from just talking to their friends or colleagues. It will help to reduce feelings of inadequacy if they know that others find a particular task difficult.
The basic principle behind counselling is that, since stress is caused by an individual’s perception of a situation, the stress will be reduced if the individual can be made to change the way he/ she perceives or reacts to the situation by changing or modifying his/her beliefs or assumptions about the event (cognitive coping). Counselling may also assist an individual to see that some behavioural change may be necessary (action coping), and help bring about that change. An individual, such as a pilot, who must demonstrate authority and control in his work may show some reluctance to ‘admit’ that he is experiencing problems with stress. He may fear that the admission of being under stress might be interpreted as weakness or a lack of competence. All pilots should be aware that stress can influence performance on the flight deck, particularly in an emergency, and take positive steps to deal with the stress if they feel they are affected by it.
Note: Evidence that people under stress often smoke more, overeat or increase alcohol/caffeine
consumption has led to the theory that apparent self-abusive behaviours may actually be forms of stress management.
Stress Summary
Stress is simply a fact of life. We all require some stress to activate our nervous system, to stimulate us and allow us to adapt. It is only when the stress is high or sudden that it can become destructive and may exceed our abilities to adapt. Stress encountered in our daily lives is cumulative and depletes our reserves. However, a lack of stimuli may be just as bad since this encourages anxiety.
Although it is extremely difficult to eliminate stress, we can, through training and other techniques, increase our resistance to it. Stress coping can be either short-term (action coping) or long-term Stress Management (a change of lifestyle or counselling) depending on the situation. The first step is, however, to recognize and admit to oneself that the condition exists. Although the stress mechanism is mainly physiological and triggered as a defence mechanism to help us survive, coping strategies to deal with stress are mainly psychological.
To increase stress tolerance the chief weapons in your armoury are: • Experience (fewer unexpected situations).
• Learning (reflex responses are performed correctly, even under stress). • CRM (using all resources available).
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1. Having successfully overcome a stressful situation once, how will the person react
if placed in the same or similar situation a second time? a. There will be little difference
b. He/she will know what is ahead and be already in a stressful condition thus stress will increase
c. He/she will feel more confident and therefore stress will reduce d. It will depend on the individual
2. How is performance affected by over and under arousal?
a. It is improved
b. There is little difference c. It is degraded
d. It will depend on the individual
3. What is the purpose of the “sympathetic” nervous system?
a. To control the emotional response under stressful conditions b. To control the effects of adrenalin
c. To return the body to homeostasis after the “fight or flee” syndrome d. To prepare the body for “fight or flight”
4. What is the purpose of the “parasympathetic” nervous system?
a. To prolong the body’s mobilisation and return the body to normal after the “fight or flight” syndrome
b. To prepare the body for “fight or flee”
c. To direct the adrenalin to the correct organs of the body
d. To return the body to normal after an emotional response under stressful conditions
5. What part of the body is affected with the vibration in the 4 to 10 Hz frequency
range?
a. The brain plus there will be a headache
b. The chest plus there will be an abdominal pain c. The respiration plus pains in the chest
d. The pulse rate
6. Which graph shows the relationship between arousal and performance?
a. A U-shaped graph
b. An inverted U-shaped graph c. A straight line graph
d. An M-shaped graph
7. The three phases of the GAS Syndrome are:
a. alarm, fear, resistance b. alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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8. Which life stressor is said to cause the most stress?
a. Home/work interface b. Divorce
c. Death of a family member
d. Death of a spouse, partner or child
9. During the resistance phase of the GAS Syndrome ... is released to assist the
body to convert fats to sugar. a. Adrenaline b. Glucose
c. White blood cells d. Cortisol
10. Broadly speaking the GAS Syndrome consists of three categories of reactions.
These are:
a. somatic, psychosomatic, physiological b. physiological, psychosomatic, psychological c. somatic, physiological, psychological d. somatic, psychosomatic, psychological
11. Stress factors are:
a. non-cumulative b. cumulative c. stress reactions d. stress coactions
12. A comfortable temperature for most people in normal clothing is:
a. 25°C b. 15°C c. 20°C d. 30°C
13. The autonomic nervous system comprises:
a. sympathetic, neo-sympathetic and parasympathetic systems b. sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
c. neo-sympathetic and parasympathetic systems d. none of the above
14. Define three methods of coping with stress:
a. action coping, forced coping, symptom directed coping b. action coping, cognitive coping, symptom directed coping c. slip coping, cognitive coping, symptom directed coping d. slip coping, action coping, symptom directed coping
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15. Which of the following statements, with regard to the five major guidelines to
prevent stress in the cockpit from affecting safety, are correct: a. planned sleep patterns and use all crew resources b. planned sleep patterns and keep it simple
c. use all crew resources and keep a good flight deck atmosphere d. never give up - there is always a suitable response
16. The best strategies to increase stress tolerance are:
a. planning, experience and self-control (fewer unexpected situations) b. learning, experience and anticipation
c. learning, experience and CRM d. planning, experience and CRM
17. Once the blood temperature rises above ..., the homeostatic mechanisms
within the body can no longer cope. a. 40°C
b. 35°C c. 50°C d. 41°C
18. A comfortable humidity for most people in normal clothing is:
a. 40% - 50% b. 30% - 40% c. 20% - 50% d. 40% - 60%
19. In a dynamic situation, an additional stress factor (stressor) can be:
a. a lack of time b. homeostasis
c. a moderate amount of noise
d. the operation of the parasympathetic system
20. The “break point” is:
a. when the pilot “overloads” due to stress
b. the point in time when the pilot is unable to think positively c. the point in time when the pilot is unable to think rationally
d. the point of optimum performance after which, if stress continues, performance will be degraded
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 c c d a b b b d d d b c 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 b b d c d d a d8
Chapter
Introduction . . . .147
Basic Information Processing . . . .147
Stimuli . . . .149
Receptors and Sensory Memories/Stores . . . .149
Attention . . . .150
Perception . . . .152
Perceived Mental Models. . . .152
Three Dimensional Models . . . .153
Short-term Memory (Working Memory) . . . .153
Long-term Memory . . . .154
Central Decision Maker and Response Selection . . . .156
Motor Programmes (Skills) . . . .156
Actions - Response and Feedback . . . .158
Human Reliability, Errors and Their Generation . . . .159
The Learning Process . . . .161
Mental Schema . . . .162
Questions . . . .163
Answers . . . .166