Participation in ISL has become increasingly popular among Canadian post-secondary students who wish to volunteer in the Global South. These ISL engagements combine academic instruction with community service internationally (Crabtree, 2008). These engagements usually have goals to increase economic, environmental or cultural well-being (McGeehee & Andereck, 2009). The origins of global engagements such as ISL experiences are closely linked to centuries
66 of colonialism (Bandyopadyay and Patil, 2017; Kothari, 2006b). Despite the inherent racialized aspects of ISL, which primarily involves white volunteers from the North going to volunteer in the South, race is not often addressed in research related to ISL. This research study aimed to address what is missing in previous literature, which is the racialized aspects of ISL. More specifically this research focused on how race and privilege impacted Canadian participants perceptions and behaviours in two ISL trips in El Salvador with Habitat for Humanity Global Village. Being a woman of colour myself, I was drawn to looking at race and the impacts it has in global engagements.
This research consisted of two case studies of Canadian volunteers in El Salvador. The research benefited in an important way from critical race theory (CRT) as a framework to address race in ISL. The findings of this research showed that race not only played a role in how participants perceived themselves in their ISL experience but also how the volunteers were perceived by members of the host community in El Salvador. It was found that the white
participants and POC participants had distinct ways of viewing themselves in terms of race while in El Salvador. All except for one of the POC participants reported feeling comfortable in El Salvador because of a similar physical appearance or cultural similarity to the members of the host community. The white participants all reported that race played little to no role in their experience in El Salvador and felt welcomed and comfortable while in El Salvador, which closely aligns with previous research on the ‘taboo’ of race in this kind of work. The experience of the white participants when it came to race has to do with the ‘invisibility of whiteness’ due to the fact that white people are not often racialized and therefore do not have to think about race in most situations (Pease, 2010; DiAngelo, 2011). It is notable that postcolonial theory was
67 somewhat less appropriate as a way of understanding participants’ perceptions in this specific ISL work.
The findings that were reported by the Habitat for Humanity affiliates in El Salvador showed that diversity (in terms of race and gender) is not something that is considered often by the organization. This is not because it is not important to them, but rather because the
coordinators in El Salvador do not have any control over the international volunteer groups that are sent by the Canadian organizations. Despite, there being a limited amount of diversity of the volunteer groups, HFH noted that the groups which are most diverse help to start conversations and share knowledge among the Salvadoran community members. However, it was also
addressed by one HFH affiliates that race has less to do with who is able to participate in ISL and rather socioeconomic status is mainly what determines who makes up the volunteer teams. Lastly, it was found that gender also played a significant role in how participants experienced their trip as well as how they were viewed by the masons and other community members in El Salvador. Female participants reported catcalling and viewing El Salvador as a ‘machismo’ country as the main gender differences that they noticed. HFH affiliates in El Salvador noted that gender does often play a large role in how participants are perceived by Salvadoran community members. In particular, mostly female volunteer groups surprise the community members, especially the masons who do not expect women to take on that type of work. However, it was also reported that their perceptions are often changed once the community members see how hard working the female volunteers are.
The findings of this research show that race plays a role not only in Canadian participants experiences and perceptions in ISL but also in how they are perceived by members of the host community in the El Salvador. In order to ensure students are aware of the racialized nature of
68 ISL, discussions should be facilitated before, during and after these trips to encourage volunteers to be engaging in critical global citizenship. Through good facilitation and the use of critical global citizenship such as the specific histories and economies of the ISL host country - in our case El Salvador, participants will become more aware of how the larger systems that are in place cause the inequality and injustice that exists in many parts of the Global South (Andreotti, 2006). Through the awareness of the racialization in ISL it will also allow participants to
understand how their race might impact their experience or how they are treated and/or perceived by members in the host community in the South.
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