In this study, a novel minimally invasive method to detect glucose in the interstitial fluid based on an optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR) has been proposed. The proposed OFRR also integrates extraction and delivery of interstitial fluid, and subsequent glucose sensing with a simple PMMA capillary which is biocompatible and can be mass produced.
Primary investigation supports the novelty of proposed sensor in terms of design, functionality, sensitivity and selectivity. Mathematical simulations have confirmed the increase in evanescent field fraction, interaction volume and direct field interaction in MSF, ITF and OFRR. PMMA has been used as fibre material for better biocompatibility. Boronic acid derivatives have been identified as reagents due to their high affinity for glucose and their capability to form reversible complexes at physiological pH of 7.4. Boronic acid is also effective when immobilized in PMMA matrix for better sensor stability and reusability. The usability of this configuration has been analysed in Chapter 2 section 2.3 and been found promising. However, the same needs to be checked in-vitro for varying levels of glucose concentration. The new approach should be tested against all possibilities of biocompatibility issues, interference from other blood constituents. In future polymer optical fibres (POFs) are favoured for the low cost and simplicity of the manufacturing process.
PMMA based OFRR definitely suffer from loss due to surfacesidewall scattering loss, bending radiation loss etc. This considerably worsens the performance by widening the filter bandwidth, reduction in finesse. To compensate such losses a PMMA - OFRR with gain media can be used [44]causing a significant rise in
70
gain and hence the Q-factor and sensitivity. The same has been fabricated in this study.
Figure 4-1: Representation of proposed sensor
Figure 4-1 shows a representation of proposed sensor configuration in which the need for complex optical spectrum analysers can be avoided by using a laser diode or LED with a photo detector which can probe the shift in resonance vs glucose concentration.
71
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Appendix - MATLAB code for simulation of OFRR
clear all; close all; clc; % 2D- Plot m = 600 n1 = 1.320; n2 = 1.4816; n3 = 1.0; R1 = 85; R2 = 146.2 ; lam = 1.064; k0 = 2*pi/lam; J11 = besselj(m,k0*n1*R1); J21 = besselj(m,k0*n2*R1); J22 = besselj(m,k0*n2*R2); Jd22 = (besselj(m-1,k0*n2*R2) - besselj(m+1,k0*n2*R2))/2;79 H12 = besselh(m,k0*n1*R2); H32 = besselh(m,k0*n3*R2); Hd12 = (besselh(m-1,k0*n1*R2) - besselh(m+1,k0*n1*R2))/2; Y21 = bessely(m,k0*n2*R1); Y22 = bessely(m,k0*n2*R2);
Yd22 = (bessely(m-1,k0*n2*R2) - bessely(m+1,k0*n2*R2))/2;
C = (n2*H12*Yd22 - n3*Hd12*Y22)/(n3*Hd12*J22 - n2*H12*Jd22); Am1 = (C*J21 + Y21)/J11; Am3 = (C*J22 + Y22)/H32; theta=0; R = 0:0.1:1.2*R2; for ii = 1:length(R) r= R(ii);
80
if r < R2 if r < R1
Ez(ii) = Am1*besselj(m,k0*n1*r)*exp(1i*m*theta);
else Ez(ii) = (C*besselj(m,k0*n2*r) + bessely(m,k0*n2*r))*exp(1i*m*theta);
end
else Ez(ii) = Am3*besselh(m,k0*n3*r)*exp(1i*m*theta); end end Iz=real(Ez).^2; plot(R,real(Iz)); grid axis([70,150,0,.045],"square"); graphics_toolkit("gnuplot");