interplay of changes in relational contexts and relational behaviors in later life may determine negative and positive outcomes of social resources. Thus, social adaptivity in later life depends not just on characteristics of the older individual's relational contexts but also on the older individual's needs and preferences within a given structure of relational opportunities.
Negative outcomes of social relationships may be a function of a mismatch between the older individual's relational preferences and indivi-duals' actual relational contexts (Lang & Baltes, in press)
Older individuals contribute actively to the positive and negative outcomes of their social relationships, not only in terms of whom they choose to interact with but also in terms of how they engage in specific relational behaviors.
Thus, an older individual may contribute actively to the maximization of positive relational outcomes and the minimization of negative relational outcomes. For example, older individuals are not simply active in help-seeking and solicitation of social support from others (Nadler, 1991), they are also support providers to others with whom they have entertained relationships for many years.
Providing social support may be seen as the most pervasive illustration of the individual's active and optimizing role in social relation-ships. Giving support entails social rewards such as feeling needed, trusted or relied upon by others (Thomae, 1994). This also addresses the transactional nature of social relationships.
In most cases, when social partners seek or utilize the older individual's advice or other forms of support, this also conveys some appraisal of the older person's competence and thus contributes to feelings of control and social connectedness. Finally, giving support may also enhance the receiver's willingness to reciprocate support in future and, thus, enhance the stability and closeness of the supportive relationship. In this sense, increas-ing opportunities for older people to provide social support to other people may also support social functioning in later life.
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