MODELO PEDAGÓGICO INSTITUCIONAL
6.2. MARCO TEÓRICO
-Asto matters abro~d from the'lli!t1674, i~at ~he Peace wasconc\udedbctwixt'EllgLmJ
I I
-;.ndH,II.•,.d; thefrtnc~ King, as a mark of his dlfplcafure, and to humble theEI:glijl, N4-I"n,let lootc his ~s among our Merchant MeD: Thc~e wasthencefonh nof,cunty of Commerce or r-;avil'atiojl notw ith!tandiiig ~e puhhck AmlU betwixt the two C.!2llilS,bl!t atSca they r.~, Plundered, made~ andConfifcatcd thofethey met with, Th~lc
£.iQrQO~ bid before ther.!2mhof our Rivers, hovered all ~longthe Co~, took our~
in the vcr; Port~ that we were in~manner blocked,uJ?by Water. AndIfal~y made
appli-canon at hisSovereign PDrtfor )l1!bce, they weremtoknrly :)aIR~, exc,c~t,IOme few, th~t bySir 1'11,/ L,.._~JIID,"lnterdt, ~vho made afecond prize of rhcrn, \I ere redeemed uponcafier COfl1j'olilio,E. In this manner Itcontinued Irol~ 167-\, tillthe latter end 01 16 ~(\ wlth,otlt ~e.
111<0'i,eveD till thetimeof theParhanlcnts- SIttln3 :~ 10that men ~oubtcJ \\hcrhcrContpiratorsn,'"tile
4-There is no doubt that all the .•0 with initial capital letters a.re those denoting the most important stions or things
want to oall, a.ttention to.
Thera bas been someargument against the theory of •emphasis capitals' espeoially with regard to Shakespeare's First Folio.'
"ell
Because of the praoti¢.. of Jaoobean primers of u ing ca. •tal.
thi e have the atatement aDo.•.e by Joseph xon, which indio at letters as t initials of' proper and.cOIlllllon nouns. it has been argued that some emphatio rd.swould naturally 'be amongthose
capi tali~ d. but the.t this would not be intentional. Again8t
the.t for mid-seventeenth century at least" this argument is not tenable. But the folloring considerationa are &1$0put fonarii to upport a cas again8t emphatic capitals. namely, that (1) "in
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
e ry play tbere are 1nnumeI'\ 18 sentano B in which emphatic worda are not distinguished by bei printed with a.capital letter;
(2) Tery liUU\Yunemphatic words are printed with capital let;t.ers, and (3) extant manuacrlpts otdramaa... show no endenee of emphasi$ oapitalstt•6
The e een i rations are in respect of Shakesp aref First Folio. Consideration ot the 1'06 S ot Thomas Bullen and Edmund
&1161"above show that the !tua.t10n ha:$ ohanged by Ma.rVellfs time. It is neoessary, howe er, to examine these points one by
•
"0 with regard to the work of Ma 11 himself, amples
or
whiohare shown (- - 15' a.ra1. 154) below.
These a.:reextrao-ts trom poe~ published. in MarYell' s ].if time. From thes .as well as 'fro th passag in An.A~gount of the. Gr th of
!'open
one can see that oapitalimtion is not restrioted to nouns, In the p e pa.Bsage Kunhered, Plundered., Confi.~ated, .hich &l"e all verliJ t are amongwerda capitalised.In the linesfJ'Q ae Oooraot r
ot
Holland. words like Rebaptia , 1mbark (verbs) ~ Up'!Ters (adjectiv) Westwar£l (adverb) &long with othel" J'ds ba e the 1n.i.t' oap1t • In th lines t"rom The Firat Anniverlm we have I.oWr,isnant
(adjectival!) Wonn.Lost (V$rbs). Atoi'her points in thilpoemwe hav. lines in whioh the noun is not oapi talized~ whereas adJectives ar :
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
•
#.--- ..--_.., --_."r-' -+r-=
Tn First Annivers$£Yof the Government under His Hiess
tii~
101"4 fr0t~ctorf' London. 1655, Unes 11 - 30.UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Th. Character of'Holland, lines
55 -
76.UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
'l'his took a Lower that an Higher iace
- -
[line S}}Furthermore, not all the sub tantives 1n the ,examples are capital.ized. But if the sub:3tantives capitalized are greater in numberthan the other parts of speeeh, this is due to the nature of the Engli h language, whiob places the highest ·st~ess onall sub tantives not immediately tollowed by a displaced
djective or an adverbial particle.8 Again W8 find that ong tb wordslIith initial capital lettsn in the poelD5 hove, there is ..no . that caxmotbear the stro e t stress in it context:
80 that Tannenbaum'lS second cOD3id.8ration that "very mal\Y
unemphatiC words ar printe.d with capital letter n does not hold true here,. for these examples, in context, are in faotphatio.
Th Charaoterof Holland.• first pub~ished in 1665. In the 1672 edition from wh-re th extract bov is taken, it is signirioant that there are so corrections l'!la»Q'of vthieh are cap!tuiz tions of worda pre ·ously printed in .m letters.
The s e pauag from the 1665ed!tion appears a:s given on the following page. The fact that whoever correoted this edition f'o%'the e eon<lpr-inting regarded corrections in capitalization as important as those in pUnOt tiont spelling and other attendant
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
- ~ . .. .a: ..
.... :Tis probable Religion af~e'r~h~ :,'!, :: ';.;" ','., -
!r
<,:"156..
. ....,-", oJ • •.•• • ~
Came next in order.which ~h,ey could not ~~;, . / '"
•. ~.. .•..
; H
O\Vcould the . 'Dutch but 'be tonvetted;whel1
" ..._._-...,j.' '::
,""1<•.:
.
•'Th- ~pvfn~; were £v n·l:.ll1Y Fill-u
2r:men
_.?-....
J'. ~>
•~-:-~
l'.
-, ge5t").t~ '". .
r
Behde the Waters of rhemfelves did rife, . '. '~'~~: "'. .:
. And as their Land, fo "them'did :ebaptiZe•.. ., ~.' .~ ...
. ':; -' .Though Herring to be Godfeiv:voices;ni1fl:;, r .' .", " ·
~ " " And Poor~-.fohn~ohavebe'enth' Evan:geliil->"~ ",
"
.
.' .',
.. " .. . . • .. • ...•... '. 'r-r.', I •.
" " ' Faith.that could never TWIns conceive .before; ,"
.. s . .~ '. _...l .:, .,
Never fo fertile,'~vvn'd upon'tbis'Shorev .s. -."\
. ',', · ,MorepregnantthentheirMarg'et;thatlaiddo\vn 'I
- .: '.For Hans:in:llelderof a vvholeHan.r~1"oj),..,.:l ' ,',
Sure when Religion, did it felf Imbark, __ ,,', ,
~ And from theEajl would 1fT ejlTPard fleer itsark; " .
". . G-' '
, ' ., It flruck, and fplitting on this unknown groun~,.
"" ,: Each one thence pillag'd the firll: piece he found : ' .
Hence Amflerdam Turk-Chriitian-Pagan-Iew, '
. ) ,"
Staple of Sects, and Mint of Schifme gre\v. ' ::
.' ,
, ,That ~ an~of ConJc.i'ence,where not on~ foflra,!ge,'
,,'.' Opinio», but finds Credit and Exchange •. ~:.~'.''',.... < "
, . In vain for Catholicks our [elves we beare;
, .' 'O\l\.-\.~ -t' ". ,
, [he Univerfal Church is on'ely }1lere.:--- ~ i = 1(;;,
. .
.
... ,
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
of 'emphatiO oapitals'. Are the " tor instanOf, an;y ot the oapitalized wo~ that cannot bear the stronge:at .tress
via A yi
th. S\1n'O\lnding \fOrd&? If' we look back ~mtheacanaion (pageS
t ~ ""1) we shall see that this 18not 110.. Th&re 1$no ambi¢ ty
ab'Out tho!r at t\18 within the context of the lima in which'they occur, the.t is, within the context ot preoeding or following llord-groups.
All the same) no de:f'init8 ttern of the occurrenoes 01' these 0 pital.:i.zed words emerges. In .poem like· this, not written in his usual syllable-stre8{Jec. metre, it must have
oocurred to Marvell that his private read&ra should be ableint'al-libly to &else Upon the major stresses, or be able to d.i8c~te primary trom secondary stre8.ses from imloations in the poems~
I hav tried to shOW;:he has not employed.the more usual devices like aUiteration and the like for this purpose. On the other hand, there 1$ the evidence that he and some o~ his contemporaries u!ed capitalization for overstressing er emphasis. One would, thex-etore oonclude that Olla Dr.o.:eot Dewas printed in 1681. and
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
perhaps som.eot the other poems&lsQ~represent far t'ewer , ' capitalized word.s th&n.are to be found in arvell'a original.
aeript
*
ile it m~ not be possible to restore all the neceesar,y capital attEtn as Marvell intended. it is e.tleae"t possible to detect ~ ViOl'Q. that is wrongly capital,l"sea, 1f by empha&izing we destroy what 4ceems to 'be the intended rhythm of a. passage ••
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
. .
1G.E. EyresJ ~inci le and Taeh.."li 11 of the Modern13 •
an
Dippdic line, M.A. Thesis" t n, Texas,
t, ,
pp. 100-14-}.
2 ~ .
:S.A. Tannetibaum, The.Handw~1~tr.a.of the Renaie8Mce, Lonc1on,
<h Routled~, 1931, P. 9 •
,
.J., MGxon, :-ac~~"""",~~~""~"",,,,~~;;;.;;..;o;~~~~~-...,;--:;~~;;,,o;;.c...,., ed. R.
Da'
and H.• 19.58. pp. 210 •. 7.
4A. Marvell, AnAccount of the Gro!th o-t Popery.,., Amsterdam, {London, 1
g'78 ],
p. 22.;8.A.
f'annenbaum, 02 •. ei~.,.pp_93 .•..
9lt-.6
1bid.-7see G.L. Tra.ger aM H.L. S.m1th, An. Outline Qf E!:¥li h,Struc ,.
(studies in Linguistics I Occasional Papen, No.*1
j;
Norman, Oklahoma.and H. Whitehall, -From Linguistic to Criticism,"K.eJ\YY7'jReview, XVIII_J (195') # 41i .••.421. Ill. ngUsh prose t
the . • B = strongest stres is normall3 a.pplied to tb stressed syllables 0'£ nouns, the first syllabl a
at
nominal compounds_ and..to direotive adTerbs (a.dverbial particles).It is WG applied. to post.••nominal ad..jeo'tives ana adverb••
1'21e
1'"
:::r 1I:=
medium .strees ia normally applied to ",erbs or hea.dwords of pl'sdieator phrases; ill verso it !!.t be appliedto adjectives and the $eeQndelements
or
nominal compounds.The.
1\ J
# 1:.:light or tertiary stress. normally Qe~ur • in prose. on adjectives and pronounaJ in verse it S. ooour on Fepasitions. Thelut =
0 -= sero e-tre$s, normally eceura onaU
·empty words· t including pn:tpositiona. COlljtmOtions,articles. modals, aspeotual modifiers,. e.tc-t and on retixes, sufflxea .• and inflectional. encUngs" One must note, however"
that ooatn.$tive 8t"8B, as detemae4 'by the l)eeWJor
sense-·oontext,.phasis, or contrast tnav t4eoreticaJ..l.y occur ontw8
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
160
syllable; al.ao that a stress superf'ix in oont.xt, often helps to determine the 'part-of-epeeah' funotion of words. ThUl
8
round = noun or direotive adver'h }m
round:;: verb 1
rQund = adjective o
round
=
pr'&PQ$ition.•See further R.E. Pittinger and H.L. Smith, flABasis fo~
someContributions at Lingui$tics, to yQh1atryn, ychiatr:b XX;1 (19.57)J pp. 61 - 7', ana R. Gunter, "On the Placement of Accent in Diaiogue", Journal. of Wnsuisti2 ~ II, 2
H96o). pp. t59 .• 179••
8See footnote No.7, above.
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
7
, hen we'OOJl)& to Marvell'.I politieal poe J we are f'aced not only with problGlllS
ot
It textua.l nature but also with tholle ot authenticity. ()vel' the years,. att. pts have been made to ascribe th& mal\Y'sati~s wri ttn an:ol'J3Inous1yd\1l'1D6the reign Of Charles II to their rightful aut or , but most of' tbem till cannot be ascribed. with &t\Y oertaillty.are sTerGl lf8;y· of terndning th authorship of
• disputed YIOrks,.andit is nece ary to reTie", t this point,
those that have been applied over the years, 0 poems attribut d to 4"e11. nt.e most re11 ble ertdence is of coue _that which can 'be trac d directly to th author hiDlse1f'. This mlVbe in the form ot a sta.1iemelltin a letter, diU"l'f or other rec.wd, adndtting the authorship; altematively the VA>rk lIla3 be in the author's own handwri tinge !t is, however, eono(livable that th wrltel' for one reason or another y e compelled to ien.y his own work, or 183 a olaim to SOUleone lse ts. It maynot also e pas ible to detemine his han,dwritJ.Jig with oertainty. STell whenpossible, this al ne is
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
..
.
. 162$till not enoUgh to establish the authorship: it was a common praotice. in the seventeenth century. to cop.y poeJllAprivately circulated into private manuscript (that iat 'conmlonplace t)
books. Handwrl:ting evidence, then, even though the most direct, still n&ec1sto be. corroborated by.other consider tiona.
In the case of MarYe:Ll, no reoord has yet oome to light of a dire-ct claim to any or the disputed poem.4; Captain Edward Thompson, who edited hi.m in 1n6, desoribed. one
ot
the two MS books he claimed to have used as tta volume of ~. Marvellfa poems,o e written with his ownhand., and the rest oopi d.by his order.tt1 H was eyen more definite about ODepoe •.•The Statu
H
Charing;Cross >Ill tha.t he printed f"romMarTellts holograph. As Margoliouth notes in his ownedition, '1'hempsonhad indeed tranllcribed ~ or Marvllta letters and might be 8xpGcte4 to knowhis hand, but as he Margolioutb rightlY concludes this faot alone do IS not prov . hi. authorship. What "copied by his orderff $8&nS is a~onets guess.
Indirect tsstimox\y ma.Ybe sdm!tted from .tatements passed on by oontemporariest rriends. and relative of the author, or from
other J?(!rsons presumed to have intimate knowle~ of his 4ctirlties.
Apart from being les9 reliable than the direot evidenoe mentioned above, it also shares SOlI1eof th. loopholes. Such is the testimOI\Y
ot
William Popple 8,lld Matthias~two relations of Man-ell, tromwhomThompson olaimed. he obtained hia two MSbook,. and the allOJliYII1oua
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
testimol)3 of some others who made available to him "anecdotes J ma.nuscript. and scarce eomposltioD8 of our author •••2 nobo<\y else beside Thompson bas seen these ,ources, their reliability oannot b independently assessed.
Other a.soriptions, by peo Le whose reliability or oloseness to the a.uthor is uncertain, nuq be equally impossible to a.ss ss.
:Sritanni~ and.Rawleigh, for ins tanoe, wa.s1'1rat attr:S..buted to Ka.l'Tell in one of t~ manuscripts by "the band which uniquely and correot~ attributes AdVi~9to a Painte~ to drawthe Duketo Sam ", Margoliouth would give this evidel108 some oredence. It is, however, possible that the unknownman was oloD enough to Savile to be able to asoribe poa!48to him correotly, while he might not hav been so close to Marvell. After stuCb'ing all
consideration ..s , MlU"801iouth was disinolin&d to assign this poem to Marvell. But, in its awn
as,
this sort of vidence can be of value ••especialJ¥ in asi tuation here the ascription pre-datel al\Y printed vard.on ofth poell •.Alternatively, the date of a poem. wben a.soertainable, oan
throw some light on the correctness of an a.soription. It the poem refers to events which occurred before its pU%'portedauthor was born had tied, the ascription can be disregarded. By 1697,
.An Historioal Poelll "~8 asoribed to 1Iiarvell in that year's printing
of the State Poems. But some lim s in the poem refer to events
-UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
n:t1a:ned
t
OODlparion of m~BmIl,O pt question '$
Me.
3.at..r diM. _4 I: a t tlW lUes in
•. 11 Jt
I
172&; ~. .•
intb tollowtng
l~
PPR Ilia .~
CP!f.d:mllm "..,.4 trora 11.
o US7',
&$ .l'f0.'U 8.
1ty
.. m 11.ect.
~ a'9'id ne 1
in ~.
VI
4--
bh
"
d, •
~ t1 tn~
•
or
ppo to ea 11 hb4ve
Vl.1l!e~;fJ •••pJ"lttci-....•'1'1 •••.
tJ(b,lJttQns;
1
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
worlemay provi.de 8. clue to its authorship; bue , loosely used, this is pt to lea.d to subjective evaluation, to evidence that cannot hold much weight on its own. though it mtf;f corroborate
other types of evidence. Moreover"it can happe.n that oontemporary works In the BMI8,genre by different authors may resemble each other more closely than two works by the same author ,in different genres. Or& work may be an imit.ation or parody of another. For example t there are a.llUlli1:)er of Advioe-to-a.•••Painter poema written .in imita.tion of
aller'.
Instruction to a Pa.1nter, someot whichhave been attributed to Marvell despite the difficulties that parod3 in~rposea.
Yet Margoliouth, in his edition at arft~l. often uses the evidence or 8tyle to de.cide tor or against "oms of the poems.
Onstyl:,.stic and chiefiy on stylistic grounds. he de-cides to include The St!~ue in stoCk.a;-Market.The st,tue
It
Charlns Cross and the DialoljU between the !WO Horses.on
the other hand. he reject& NO,8tradaxnusProphecz beoau e of' its "comparative lack of wit, the olUIIl8Y half'~repe ti tioZUJ and the poverty of the metre" •'In:.
'Britannia and Rawleif,b "th&tone and styl_ are unlike Marven"J~Adnce ..$9 a.Pa.1n~E ,~ draw the Du.k~is rejected "()n the ground at style (in ita lack o~ ch8l'a1)teristio wit)·.5
•
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
f66
Apa.rt from the obvious and Ul'l8.yoidabJ.e dangers inhe l-ent in such stylistic genera.Uz8.tioIl3~ oneInasy add that 1IhateYer wit mq be found in .anyof the satires is ~arta.inly not that quality
of "tough ~ea onableness beneath the slight lyrioal grace" that distinguishe$ Ma.rvell'$ ea1"l1 r poems. COM quently, it
i",
particularl,y difficult to us the evidence ot style to attribute a.l\Y of the political satires to him. Ris style as a poot is
distinct enough. But there i such a wide gap in quality between the rM~cella.Mous Poemsof 1681 and the sa.tires <If the reign
ot
Charles II that standards applica 1 .to the .former cannot be applied to the latter with allYgreat exa..otDess.
Amorerigidly scientific approaohto the analysis of literar,y 81r.f1e. based pa.rtlyon GermanStilforelcl,tung, pa.rtly
on
Slavic Formalism, partly on the .AmericanNewCriticism (in its
1
mature sta.ge), and prineipa.l.ly on the tnew linguistic' has come into being tOQ recently to b muchused by bibliographers and
editors.6 That. among ita other 'f8l.ues, it will ultima.tely provic1e accurate tools £01" textual attribution seems undoubtedf but it is
AS yet virtually 'untried in this respeot and" at the moment, too schi~atic to be practicallY sohamatio.
7
Its immediate application to an edition of Marvellts poema.is in lJ.'llY case hamperedby two difficulties: (1) the relatively restricted textual corpus foranalysis provid.edby the poem ; (2) the uncertainties and mechanical