CHAPTER 7: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE LINE OF RESEARCH
7.3 MARKETING MIX INSTRUMENTS AS FACTORS OF IMPROVEMENT STUDENT SATISFACTION IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Introduction To create welds in Tekla Structures, you can:
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Create single welds•
Apply components that automatically create welds Creatingassemblies
Tekla Structures forms assemblies based on where the weld should be made. You can create:
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Workshop welds•
Site weldsTekla Structures uses the order in which you select the parts when creating the weld to determine the primary and secondary parts of the assembly. This affects drawings.
The first part you select becomes the primary part of the assembly. Tekla Structures dimensions secondary part(s) relative to the primary part in assembly drawings. The largest primary part in the weld becomes the main part of the assembly.
When you connect assemblies, the first part you select determines the assembly to which you weld sub-assemblies.
Visibility in views To have welds visible in views, open the Display dialog box and set weld visibility to Exact. See Displaying and hiding objects (p. 143). Tekla Structures displays all weld types in a similar way.
Creating welds
You can create the following types of welds:
The Connect part/assembly setting in the Weld properties dialog box also affects assemblies. See Weld properties (p. 115).
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Regular welds. Tekla Structures welds the two parts together using the weld position in the Weld properties dialog box. The length of the weld depends on the length of the connection between the welded parts.•
Polygon welds. You define the exact position of the weld by picking the points you want the weld to traverse.•
Single part welds.For detailed instructions on how to create welds, see:
Weld symbols in drawings
Weld properties Tekla Structures shows the properties of the weld in the weld symbol in drawings, as shown below. See also Weld properties (p. 115).
If you move welded parts, polygon welds move with the primary part.
Contour
Weld no Reference text Size
Type Weld around Length Angle Finish
Reference line and arrow
The weld symbol also contains a reference line and an arrow. The arrow connects the reference line to the arrow side of a connection.
Arrow and other side
When parts are welded together, you can place welds on:
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The arrow sides only•
The other sides only•
Both the arrow and other sidesThe welds on the arrow and other sides of a part can have different weld properties.
By default, the properties you define for a weld on the arrow side appear above the reference line in drawings. The properties of an other-side weld appear below the reference line in the weld symbol.
Site weld
Pitch (c-to-c spacing) Lenght
Stitch weld
Effective throat Root opening
To show the arrow-side weld properties below the reference line in a weld symbol and the other-side properties above, use the variable
XS_AISC_WELD_MARK.
Weld properties
This section describes weld properties.
Size See the image below.
If you enter a zero or negative weld size, Tekla Structures creates the weld, but does not display it drawings.
Type See Weld types (p. 116)
Weld preparation groove angle
When parts are prepared for welding, their edges can be beveled to produce a groove for the weld. This type of weld preparation is commonly used for V-type welds. You can define the angle of bevels and grooves. Tekla Structures displays the angle between the weld type symbol and the fill type contour symbol. For more information on weld preparation, see Weld preparation (p. 119).
Contour The fill type contour of a weld can be:
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None•
Flush•
Convex•
ConcaveFinish Tekla Structures displays the finish symbol above the weld type symbol in drawings. The options are:
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G (Grind)•
M (Machine)•
C (Chip)Length The length of a regular weld depends on the length of the connection between the welded parts.
You can set the exact length of a polygon weld by, for example, defining the start and end points of the weld.
Pitch To create a non-continuous weld, define the center-to-center spacing and the pitch of the welds.
Tekla Structures calculates the distance between the welds as the pitch minus the length of the weld.
Size
Root face thickness (RFT)
By default, Tekla Structures uses the character - to separate weld length and pitch, e.g. 50–100. To change the separator to @, for example, set the variable: XS_WELD_LENGTH_CC_SEPARATOR_CHAR=@.
Neither root face nor RFT values appear in drawings, but you can use the
WELD_ROOT_FACE_THICKNESS field in reports to show the root face dimension in the weld list.
Effective throat Effective throat is the weld size used in weld strength calculation.
Root opening Root opening is the space between the welded parts.
Edge/Around Either one edge (Edge) or the entire perimeter of a face (Around) can be welded. A circle in the weld symbol in drawings indicates the Around option has been used.
Workshop/Site Tekla Structures indicates site welds in the weld symbol using a flag.
Connect part/
assembly
Use the Connect part/assembly and Workshop/Site list boxes in the Weld properties dialog box to control how Tekla Structures creates assemblies. The order in which you select parts when creating the connection determines the main and secondary parts of the assembly, or the assembly hierarchy.
See also Cast units and assemblies (p. 72) Position See Weld position (p. 117).
Stitch To create stitch welds, select Yes in the Stitch weld list box. Stitch welds are staggered on both sides of the part being welded. Tekla Structures shows the weld type symbols as staggered in weld symbols.
User-defined attributes
Create additional properties for welds with user-defined attributes. See Adding properties in the online help.
Reference text and Wtext
To enter additional text for the weld symbol, use the Reference text and Wtext fields. For example, information on the weld specification or process, etc.
Weld types
The table below shows the available weld types. Some weld types also automatically prepare the parts to be welded. For more information on weld preparation, see Weld preparation (p. 119).
Where weld is to be made (workshop or site), affects assemblies and drawings.
Connect part/
assembly
Workshop/
Site Result
As sub-assembly Workshop Nested assembly with the assembly you are welding as a sub-assembly.
The first part you pick deter-mines the assembly to which you are welding.
As sub-assembly Site
As secondary part Workshop Basic assembly with the part you are welding as a secondary part.
The first part you pick usually becomes the main part in the assembly.
As secondary part Site No assembly created.
Weld position
You define the position of a weld relative to the work plane. The type and position of the parts to be welded affect the position of the weld.
The options for weld position are:
Weld
Single-V butt weld with broad root face
5 Both edges
Single-bevel butt weld with broad root face
6 Secondary part
U-groove weld (single U-butt weld)
7 Both parts
J-groove weld (single J-butt weld)
8 Secondary part
Flare V-groove weld 16 Both parts
Flare-bevel-groove weld 15 Secondary part
Edge-flange weld 1 No
Corner-flange weld 17 No
Plug weld 11 No
Bevel backing weld 9 No
Spot weld 12 No
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zThese can all be in a positive or negative direction. Tekla Structures creates the weld on the face or side of the part that faces in the selected direction (x, y, or z).
See the illustrations below:
If there are no faces that touch in the specified direction, Tekla Structures places the weld relative to the center point of the secondary part.
Secondary part Main part
Weld preparation
When preparing welds, Tekla Structures bevels the parts to be welded using an anti-material cutting part. Tekla Structures subsequently deletes this cutting part. Tekla Structures displays weld preparations using cyan dash-and-dot lines. Some weld types and connections also automatically prepare the parts to be welded. See Weld types (p. 116).