Three regions stand out in the unweighted density maps of Figure 17: the central coastal area, colored purple in both English- and Indonesian-language maps; the expanse of yellow that dominates the peninsula and marine region of West Bali National Park in the Indonesian map; and the dark brown hot spot of apparently conflicting opinions that encompasses Menjangan Island in the difference index map. The density maps suggest that Indonesian- and English-language participants predominantly agree that the nature conservation areas Putri Menjangan and Nature Lestari, located along the central coast, should be promoted as tourist
Figure 22. Weighted density map with features superimposed, shaded by features’ probability for Topic 4 (left) and Topic 4’s top 12 terms with their probabilities, approximately translated from the original Indonesian (right) (garbage survey)
Chapter 4. Integrating Spatial Analysis with Text Mining to Identify Common Themes in Annotated Participatory Maps
attractions. The difference index map indicates slight disagreement among Indonesian participants, however, and this is reinforced by the word cloud (Figure 23). The terms nature, lestari, menjangan and putri fall in the center, demonstrating their use in descriptions of places for both promoting and restricting tourism.
Two topic density maps and their term lists, which both include menjangan and putri, suggest an explanation. Topic 3, with top terms including island, tour[ist], bay, mangrove and relax and might be summarized with the label “Coastal tourism” (Figure 24). (The top map of Figure 24 illustrates features drawn by participants, including points, lines and areas, with areas symbolized by their outline, only, to avoid obscuring overlapping features.) The topic density map is dominated by places for promoting tourism, symbolized in purple, with the locations of Putri Menjangan and Menjangan Island most prominent. Examples of place descriptions for features weighted strongly for this topic include:
Figure 23. Word cloud of Indonesian-language responses, approximately translated, from the tourism survey
Annotated Participatory Maps
At Putri Menjangan there are many mangroves, so many tourists want to immortalize it and also for relaxing. (Diputri menjangan ada banyak mangrove, jadi banyak wisatawan yang ingin mengabadikannya dan juga untuk santai-santai.)
At Menjangan Island we can snorkel and dive and also worship, at Menjangan Island the view of coral reefs is very beautiful. (Di pulau menjangan kita bisa snorkeling dan diving,dan jga melakukan persembahyangan, di pulau menjangan pemandangan terumbukarang sangatlah indah.)
The density map for Topic 0, which also highlights Menjangan Island and Putri Menjangan, illustrates a mix of desires to promote and restrict tourism (Figure 25). While Putri Menjangan again appears in this map as a place to promote, Menjangan Island draws conflicting opinions,
Figure 24. Features shaded in grayscale by their probability for Topic 3 (top) and weighted density map shaded in color by type according to the probability for Topic 3 (bottom); and Topic 3’s top nine terms with their probabilities, approximately translated from the original Indonesian (right) (tourism survey)
Chapter 4. Integrating Spatial Analysis with Text Mining to Identify Common Themes in Annotated Participatory Maps
contributing to the dark brown hot spot over the island in the difference index map of Figure 17. The term list for Topic 0 emphasizes a diversity of marine resources: fish, coral, reef, kind[s], and a lot (Figure 25). Descriptions of features strongly weighted for this topic reveal that marine resources are invoked by some participants as a reason to promote tourism, while others cite it as a reason to restrict tourism:
Putri Menjangan has various kinds of coral and also an abundance of fish that is quite high. (Putri menjangan memiliki jenis karang yang bermacam-macam dan juga memiliki kelimpahan ikan yang cukup tinggi.)
Figure 25. Features shaded in grayscale by their probability for Topic 0 (top) and weighted density map shaded in color by type according to the probability for Topic 0 (bottom); and Topic 0’s top 10 terms with their probabilities, approximately translated from the original Indonesian (right) (tourism survey)
Annotated Participatory Maps
Marine Zone of West Bali National Park. Conservation area with high coral reef cover as fish habitat. Tourism restriction to reduce pressure on coral reefs.
(Zona perairan Taman Nasional Bali Barat. Daerah konservasi dengan tutupan terumbu karang yang tinggi sebagai habitat ikan. Pembatasan pariwisata untuk mengurangi tekanan terhadap terumbu karang.)
The anomalous features that represent land, rather than marine areas, and yet score high for Topic 0 do so because they reference other, not necessarily marine terms in the list such as national [park], a lot and menjangan. This demonstrates one of the challenges of interpreting topic models—while the label “marine resources” relates well to most features scoring high for the topic, it does not characterize all of them.
A starkly different set of terms appears in Topic 1, including holy, temple and region (Figure 26). The same words appear in yellow far to the left in the word cloud (Figure 23) as words used to describe places for restricting tourism. Many—though not all—Indonesian participants consider temples inappropriate for tourism:
Pulaki Temple. There may not be hotels [here] because this area is a religious region and there is a border of the temple’s holiness. (Pulaki temple. Tidak boleh ada hotel karena kawasan ini kawasan religi dan ada batas wilayah kesucian pura.)
Other Topic 1 terms are associated with place names, earning the label “Special places” for this topic. These terms include dalem (Dalem Temple), white (White Sand Beach), dinasti (Dinasti Resort) and zone (zones of West Bali National Park). White Sand Beach and Dinasti Resort are located in an area of purple on the topic density map, as places to promote, while areas within West Bali Natural Park—including Menjangan Island—are colored yellow as places to restrict, explained in this example description:
Chapter 4. Integrating Spatial Analysis with Text Mining to Identify Common Themes in Annotated Participatory Maps
Region of West Bali National Park. Because this area constitutes a conservation area where a lot of flora and fauna must be protected. (Kawasan Taman Nasional Bali Barat. Karena dikawasan ini merupakan kawasan konservasi dimana banyak flora dan fauna yang harus dilindungi.
This example highlights an interesting contradiction between local opinion and administrative boundaries. West Bali National Park is consistently named and visualized—in the word cloud (Figure 23), Topic 0 (Figure 25) and Topic 1 (Figure 26)—as a place where tourism should be restricted. However, Menjangan Island—which is part of the national park—
is frequently named and visualized as a place for promoting tourism. The inconsistency with which Menjangan Island is promoted over the national park as a whole may reflect the
Figure 26. Features shaded in grayscale by their probability for Topic 1 (top) and weighted density map shaded in color by type according to the probability for Topic 1 (bottom); and Topic 1’s top 10 terms with their probabilities, approximately translated from the original Indonesian (right) (tourism survey)
Annotated Participatory Maps
tumultuous history between the park, which is controlled by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry, and the surrounding communities. Early efforts to restrict fishing inside the park led to a series of alleged tit-for-tat incidents; after park officials burned a traditional fishing hut and seized private aquaculture equipment in 1984, residents began a clandestine campaign to steal Bali starlings (Leucopsar rothschildi), the iconic and endangered emblem of the park, to discredit the park as an authority capable of protecting wildlife (Mahmud, Satria, and Kinseng 2015a). Since then relations have largely normalized, as many locals who once fished for a living have become boat drivers who ferry visitors to and from Menjangan Island (Doherty et al. 2013). However, Menjangan Island—which houses several Hindu temples—was sacred to the Balinese long before the park existed. Perhaps the apparent contradiction reflects local Balinese pride in Menjangan Island, which they consider a jewel of their own, over the rest of the national park, which they regard as “other”.