Matemáticas orientadas a las enseñanzas aplicadas

presentations at technical conferences, and the publication of this book, consisting of guidelines for the planning and retrofitting of historic adobe structures. The planning sec- tions discuss relevant issues concerning historic adobe struc- tures, conservation, and cultural values. They also provide an outline of the steps to take when planning the seismic retrofit of a historic adobe building. The engineering aspect of the book offers a theoretical basis for understanding the seismic performance and technical procedures used for designing seismic retrofit measures for historic adobes. It was felt that, to be useful, these guidelines would need the wide professional support of the technical community. To achieve that, they would have to be workable in application and responsive to real seismic retrofit problems. The decision was made, therefore, to approach GSAP as a cooperative endeavor by a group of individuals who were experts in the analysis of adobe’s seismic behavior and who were familiar with the many complex cultural issues that influence the possible modifi- cation of historic adobe buildings.

GSAP benefited from the advice of an advisory committee that was appointed to assure that the project was proceeding in a logical way to achieve its objectives. The GSAP Advisory Committee had two principal responsibilities:

• To monitor project activities and advise the project man- ager on the management and direction of GSAP, and • To review the technical activities and accomplishments

of GSAP and advise the project director and the project manager on its findings.

Advisory Committee and Project Personnel GSAP Advisory Committee members

Edward E. Crocker, architectural conservator and contractor, Santa Fe, New Mexico

Anthony Crosby, historical architect, formerly with the National Park Service, Denver, Colorado

M. Wayne Donaldson, historical architect, San Diego, California

Melvyn Green, seismic structural engineer, Torrance, California

James Jackson, architect, California State Parks, Sacramento, California

Helmut Krawinkler, professor, Structural Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California

John Loomis, architect, Thirtieth Street Architects, Newport Beach, California

Nicholas Magalousis, professor, Santa Ana College, and former curator, Mission San Juan Capistrano, San Juan Capistrano, California

Julio Vargas Neumann, professor, Structural Engineering, Pontifica Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima, Peru GSAP personnel

Neville Agnew, former GSAP director, Getty Conservation Institute

William S. Ginell, GSAP director and materials scientist, Getty Conservation Institute

Edna E. Kimbro, architectural historian and conservator Charles C. Thiel Jr., seismic engineer

E. Leroy Tolles, principal investigator and seismic engineer Frederick A. Webster, seismic engineer

Summary of GSAP Activities

The activities of GSAP included research, testing, and field investigations. Consultation with the members of the Advisory Committee and other professionals increased the relevance of the GSAP efforts to actual seis- mic damage problems at historic sites. The final results of these efforts were interim technical reports, a final report on the research studies (Tolles et al. 2000), presentations at technical conferences, technical jour- nal articles, a survey of earthquake damage to historic adobe buildings after the Northridge earthquake (Tolles et al. 1996), and these guidelines.

Phase 1 included a review of existing retrofitting practices, a literature review, and the preliminary development of the planning guidelines (Thiel et al. 1991). After the Phase 1 research and discussions with the Advisory Committee, a research program was outlined. The research effort included shaking-table tests at Stanford University on one-fifth-scale model adobe structures. Tests on the first three model buildings were detailed in the report on second-year activities of GSAP (Tolles et al. 1993).

Following the initial tests, the Northridge earthquake occurred in the Los Angeles area. Although it was unfortunate that so many build- ings were damaged, this event was extremely beneficial for the research effort. A great deal of previously undocumented, detailed information on historic building earthquake damage was collected. The seismic shaking- table research effort on six additional small-scale models was completed at Stanford University after the Northridge earthquake. Following the small- scale tests, studies of two one-half scale models were carried out on a large shaking table in Skopje, the Republic of Macedonia.

The following is a chronology of the principal GSAP activities. • 1991–92 Phase 1, research and preliminary Advisory

• 1991 Report of first-year activities (Thiel et al. 1991) • 1992 Tests on models 1, 2, and 3, simple 1:5-scale

adobe models

• 1993 Report of second-year activities (Tolles et al. 1993)

• 1994 Tests on models 4, 5, and 6, simple 1:5-scale adobe models

• 1994–95 Survey and report on the damage to historic adobe buildings resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake (Tolles et al. 1996)

• 1994 Test on model 7, tapanco-style, 1:5-scale, retrofit- ted adobe model

• 1995 Tests on models 8 (retrofitted) and 9 (unretrofit- ted control), tapanco-style, 1:5-scale models with moderately thick walls

• 1996 Tests on 1:2-scale models, models 10 and 11 (Gavrilovic et al. 1996)

• 2000 Final report summarizing all test activities (Tolles et al. 2000)

• 2001 Report of third-year activities: shaking-table tests of large-scale adobe structures (Ginell et al. 2001)

• 2002 This volume, summarizing and synthesizing the important aspects of the research effort

Following is chapter 12.2 of the Unreinforced Masonry Building Law, SB547, of the Seismic Safety Commission (2000).

Chapter 12.2 Building Earthquake Safety

Chapter 12.2 was added by Stats. 1986, c. 250, § 2.

§ 8875. Definitions. Unless the context otherwise requires, the following definitions shall govern the construction of this chapter:

(a) “Potentially hazardous building” means any building constructed prior to the adoption of local building codes requiring earth- quake resistant design of buildings and constructed of unrein- forced masonry wall construction. “Potentially hazardous building” includes all buildings of this type, including, but not limited to, public and private schools, theaters, places of public assembly, apartment buildings, hotels, motels, fire stations, police stations, and buildings housing emergency services, equipment, or supplies, such as government buildings, disaster relief centers, communications facilities, hospitals, blood banks, pharmaceutical supply warehouses, plants, and retail outlets. “Potentially haz- ardous building” does not include any building having five living units or less. “Potentially hazardous building” does not include, for purposes of subdivision (a) of Section 8877, any building which qualifies as “historical property” as determined by an appropriate governmental agency under Section 37602 of the Health and Safety Code.

(b) “Local building department” means a department or agency of a city or county charged with the responsibility for the enforce- ment of local building codes.

§ 8875.1 Establishment of program; identification of potentially haz- ardous buildings; advisory report

A program is hereby established within all cities, both general law and chartered, and all counties and portions thereof located within seismic zone 4, as defined and illustrated in Chapter 2-23 of Part 2 of Title 24 of the California Administrative Code, to identify all potentially hazardous