Mecanismos cromosomicos de resistencia a β-lactámicos en

Plate 15

Introduction

This arrest warrant is complete, and measures 10.1cm x 7.1cm. It is written across the fibres, so that it might be less easily erased1, though there are several examples of arrest warrants not written across the fibres. The ink is occasionally smudged and there are several holes, though these do not prevent the text's being deciphered in its entirety. The principal study on arrest warrants is that of Hagedorn2 and the most recent list that of Bxilow-Jacobsen3.

Most of the topographically identifiable arrest

warrants come from the Oxyrhynchite and Arsinoite nomes, and Hagedorn has identified the formulae for the warrants from

) t t

the different nomes. The Arsinoite is: avonrejixpov (-Trenxpare) t o v 5e?va eykoiXo u j j e v o u xjtto t o u 5exvoa EfrxxrcriCT; the Oxyrhynchite runs

as follows: Trspxpov t o v Sexvcx e v t u x o v t o o t o x j SeTv o o. Hagedorn notes six examples which correspond exactly to this formula (note 16) and a further fourteen that correspond more or less to it. Ours corresponds exactly to the formula, with the

1We are grateful to Prof. Pruneti for this suggestion.

2 "Das Formular der Oberstellungsbefehle im Rdmischen Agy p t e n " , BASP 16 (1979).

3 "Orders to Arrest: P. Haun. inv. 33 and 54, and a Consolidated List", ZPE 66 (1986). See BCilow-Jacobsen and P. Mich. X, p . 50 for further l i t e r a t u r e .

exception that the reason for arrest is added. Our papyrus is quite small - Youtie1 suggests 15cm - 25.1cm for the width of arrest warrants, and 4.5cm to 10cm for the height, though see Browne's slight modifications2.

This warrant is to be dated before the middle of the third century: Gagos3 has assembled evidence to show that the archephodos in the Oxyrhynchite nome decreases in importance at some stage between 245 - 257 AD (when the komarchai were introduced) and 256 AD (a dated arrest warrant addressed to the komarchai by the prytanis, P . Oxv. XLII 3035). Gagos' evidence suggests that the komarchai took on the responsibilities of the archephodos and the komogrammateus. After this date it no longer seems to be the strategos who issues the warrants, but officials on a village level. These changes and shifts of function are additional to other changes already detailed by Parsons4 during the reign of Philippus Arabs. However, it is not known whether these reforms were instituted by Philippus Arabs himself.

The most interesting aspect of this fragment is that the reason for arrest is given, something that occurs only in a handful of those listed by Biilow-Jacobsen. P . Oxv. VI 969 (early second century) concerns the arrest of Apollonios 7repi KaTacnropaa; SB XVI 12313 (second century) concerns an offence about 5niiomoa xupoa; P . Turner 46 is a summons (dating to the fourth century) of the annona collectors

e v e k e v Tt|(T <Jxo|iapiaCT Tt|<7 Kpx0na? P. Oxv. XII 1505 (fourth

century) concerns debt ( "Avopav xax A x o v x j c t x o v xcax Ajaptov[xo]v j\

roxmov ra yevxi [ k ] c x t ( x y o p e [ v o x ) ( 7 ] r a apy[up]ia anzp x p e w t o u [ c t ] i " ) , as does

P. Oxv. XII 1506 (fourth century) - "xpeiaa e v e k e v " . The most

detailed reason given for arrest is P. Med. 42 of the sixth century: " < I > x X o ^ e v ( o (jx)|i|iaxw | Ajiasxov t o v y e x o p y o v axTxaTaa t o u o

7TEpxaovoua aypo^uXaKaa coa Trot pa t x i v apeXexav | axrmv (3Xaf3xiv U7[OfiE|i£VT| KIO <7 PTIXOVXKIOV OpYdVlOV TXl[<7 OIX)]tOXJ |iTlX«Vr|CF. aX3T[0X30] TOXVUV

EK7TEjitpov ettx ttiv ttoXxv..." An even longer (though very similar) explanation can be found in P . S . I . I 47. also of the sixth century. SB XII 11106 also concerns debt, though this time

l"Notes on Papyri", TAPA 91 (1960), p.254. 2P. Mich. X, p . 50.

3Inapaper given at the 19th International Papyrological Congress held in Cairo in September 1989; the proceedings have yet to appear. 4 "Philippus Arabs and Egypt", JRS 57 (1967).

tax-related: "Trapaarticrov ra ovopara Ta eIttiCt i t o u p e v c c axo tc o v jrpaKTolpcov tti<7 BaKXiocBoa" and in P. Oxv. XXXI 2575. Andromachos

appears to have committed some offence related to the dyeing trade ( ". . . e v t u[x]o v[t]cov t[e|Xcovcov pa<t>iKr|a. . . ") . These papyri represent just over ten per cent of the papyri listed by Biilow-Jacobsen.

We can see that the offences fall into two categories - debt and farming-related misdeeds. In our case it m a y be that Hermogenes and Horion have misappropriated some land (- perhaps their portion was not flooded during the inundation) or simply claimed some land as their own by sowing it.

As with most arrest warrants, this document bears no date. The hand is clear, but has several cursive features - note the ligature apx” in line 1 and the distorted v of copicova in line 3. The nearest parallels one could cite are both dated to the end of the second century: P. Rvl. II 176 (= Seider 1,38), dated 201 - 202 AD, where the same (admittedly common documentary) form of epsilon may be seen; and Schubart Abb. 42 (first hand) dated to 194 AD.

Text

apxc4>o5(ot Iaioy Tpycjxovoa TTsptpov EppoYevTiv IlauXou _{• •}

xai Qpicova Ilauaipuovoa e v t u x o v-

ToallXouTapxou XEpi Sripomaa Yfl<J x x x x x x x x

Translation

To the archephodos of Iseion Truphonos. Send

Hermogenes son of Paulos and Horion son of Pausirion on the accusation of Ploutarchos concerning public land. XXXXXXXX

1) The archephodos was the chief of the village police. For details of his office, see Oertel ("Die Liturgie")

pp. 275 - 277 s "Spezialorgan fiir die Leitung der dem Dorfe obliegenden Polizeigeschafte, das jedoch gelegentlich fiir das Dorf auch anderweitige Funktionen ausiibt. Der apx&l>o5oc - vielfach sind es auch mehrere (zwei ?) - untersteht dem Gau - (bzw. Toparchie-)beamten und den mit der Wahrnehmung des Sicherheitsdienstes betrauten Militarpersonen direkt, ist rangmaj3ig den Dorfaltesten nachgeordnet und steht seinerseits iiber den Dorf-<l>uXaK£<;". However, the archephodos' function changes in the middle of the third century (see introduction). The first dated appearance of the archephodos in the Oxyrhynchite nome is P. Oxv. I 69 (190 AD) and the last P. Oxv. I 80 (238 AD or 244 AD), but palaeographical evidence suggests that the office existed in the early second century (e.g. P . Oxv. VI 9 6 9 ) . Biilow-Jacobsen's list gives several arrest warrants simply assigned to the second (e.g. numbers 20 - 24). The office was adopted earlier elsewhere (as far as we can deduce from our evidence) - the early first century in the Arsinoite nome (P . Tebt. I 90) and later first century in the

Herakleopolite nome (B.G.U. VIII 1855) etc. See

introduction to P. Oxv. XXXI 2576. One wonders if the eicctro vrapxog, who has certain police functions, was also

empowered to issue arrest warrants (perhaps after the

changes under Philippus Arabs?). His non-military functions have not been investigated in full, nor his relationship to

the archephodos clearly defined; the subject clearly

warrants further investigation.

5) The crosses are present to prevent any additions to the warrant after it had left the office of the strategos.

That arrest warrants did originate in the strategos' office is demonstrated by Nicole1.

DOCUMENT 3 - P. Oxy. 30 4B.38/B(2 - 3)a