• No se han encontrado resultados

Medidas no convencionales

5. POLÍTICA MONETARIA DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA (UE)

5.3. El Banco Central Europeo ante la crisis financiera

5.3.2. Medidas no convencionales

The current study has several limitations. First, this is a retrospective study of prospectively gathered data. However, all patients were clinically referred for CTA, regardless of the presence of chest pain symptoms and CTA was performed using the same protocol, mak- ing a reliable comparison feasible. Secondly, the present patient population is relatively small. Still, data on coronary anatomy in adult patients after ASO are scarce and as only adult patients after ASO were included in the current study, the mean ages of this patient population was relatively high. Thirdly, although these angled origins may be potential risk locations for the development of future ostial coronary lesions causing limitations in coronary blood flow ,the clinical significance of the described abnormal coronary find- ings, mainly the presence of an acute angle of the coronary origin, remains uncertain. Importantly, to our best knowledge this is the first study proposing a pathophysiological relation between the observed coronary anatomy and the neo-aorta root dimensions in adult patients late after ASO.

ConClusIons and ClInICal ImPlICaTIons

The present study provided detailed information on the coronary anatomy late after the ASO and showed that abnormal coronary findings on CTA are often encountered in adult patients after ASO. Abnormal coronary findings were more frequently observed in patients with a variant coronary anatomy pattern, with a higher occurrence of an acute angle of the coronary origin. Significantly larger neo-aortic root dimensions and higher coronary artery take-off were observed in patients with acute angled coronary origins. Accordingly, these findings could be predictors for the development of an acute angle of the coronary origin during follow-up. The current observations may help explaining the pathophysiology of the ostial coronary lesions that are frequently encountered in patients after ASO. Although the clinical significance of these findings remains uncertain until longer-term follow-up is avail- able, we feel that the lack of symptoms and the potential life-threatening consequences

of coronary flow obstruction may justify repeated imaging, especially in patients with a variant coronary anatomy and/or neo-aortic root dilation since these patients seem to be at increased risk for developing coronary abnormalities.

rEfErEnCEs

1. Reller MD, Strickland MJ, Riehle-Colarusso T, Mahle WT, Correa A. Prevalence of congenital heart defects in metropolitan Atlanta, 1998-2005. J Pediatr 2008;153(6):807-13.

2. Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM et al. ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines on the management of adults with congenital heart disease). Circulation 2008;118(23):e714- 833.

3. Baumgartner H, Bonhoeffer P, De Groot NM et al. Task Force on the Management of Grown- up Congenital Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC); Association for European Paediatric Cardiology (AEPC); ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). ESC Guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease (new version 2010). Eur Heart J 2010;31(23):2915-57.

4. Lim HG, Kim WH, Lee JR, Kim YJ. Long-term results of the arterial switch operation for ventriculo-arterial discordance. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;43(2):325-34.

5. Vandekerckhove KD, Blom NA, Lalezari S, Koolbergen DR, Rijlaarsdam ME, Hazekamp MG. Long-term follow-up of arterial switch operation with an emphasis on function and dimensions of left ventricle and aorta. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009;35(4):582-8.

6. Schwartz ML, Gauvreau K, del Nido P, Mayer JE, Colan SD. Long-term predictors of aortic root dilation and aortic regurgitation after arterial switch operation. Circulation 2004;110(11 Suppl 1):II128-32.

7. Legendre A, Losay J, Touchot-Koné A et al. Coronary events after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 2003;108 Suppl 1:II186-90.

8. Prêtre R, Tamisier D, Bonhoeffer P et al. Results of the arterial switch operation in neonates with transposed great arteries. Lancet 2001;357(9271):1826-30.

9. Losay J, Touchot A, Serraf A et al. Late outcome after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 2001;104(12 Suppl 1):I121-6.

10. Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Sauer U, Quaegebeur J. Aortic intramural coronary artery in three hearts with transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;91(4):566-71. 11. Schmid M, Achenbach S, Ludwig J et al. Visualization of coronary artery anomalies by contrast-

enhanced multi-detector row spiral computed tomography. Int J Cardiol 2006;111(3):430-5. 12. Ou P, Khraiche D, Celermajer DS et al. Mechanisms of coronary complications after the arterial

switch for transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145(5):1263-9. 13. Ou P, Mousseaux E, Azarine A et al. Detection of coronary complications after the arterial

switch operation for transposition of the great arteries: first experience with multislice com- puted tomography in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131(3):639-43.

14. Ou P, Celermajer DS, Marini D et al. Safety and accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography in children after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1(3):331-9.

15. Oztunç F, Bariş S, Adaletli I et al. Coronary events and anatomy after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries: detection by 16-row multislice computed tomography angiography in pediatric patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2009;32(2):206-12.

16. Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bogers AJJC, Bartelings MM. Aspects of normal and abnormal de- velopment of the coronary arteries. In: Bruschke AVG, editor. Coronary Circulation. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1987:32-41. ISBN 90-247-2336-l.

17. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB et al. Chamber Quantification Writing Group; American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee; European Association of Echocardiography. Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the Ameri- can Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;1008(12):1440-63.

18. Tops LF, Wood DA, Delgado V et al. Noninvasive evaluation of the aortic root with multislice computed tomography implications for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. JACC Cardio- vasc Imaging 2008;1(3):321-30.

19. Stolzmann P, Knight J, Desbiolles L et al. Remodeling of the aortic root in severe tricuspid aortic stenosis: implications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur Radiol 2009;19(6):1316- 23.

20. Bonhoeffer P, Bonnet D, Piéchaud JF et al. Coronary artery obstruction after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries in newborns. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29(1):202- 6.

21. Kondo C, Nakazawa M, Momma K, Kusakabe K. Sympathetic denervation and reinnervation after arterial switch operation for complete transposition. Circulation 1998;97(24):2414-9. 22. Weindling SN, Wernovsky G, Colan SD et al. Myocardial perfusion, function and exercise toler-

ance after the arterial switch operation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23(2):424-33.

23. Hutter PA, Thomeer BJ, Jansen P et al. Fate of the aortic root after arterial switch operation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;20(1):82-8.

24. Lalezari S, Mahtab EA, Bartelings MM, Wisse LJ, Hazekamp MG, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. The outflow tract in transposition of the great arteries: an anatomic and morphologic study. Ann Thorac Surg 2009;88(4):1300-5.

25. Lalezari S, Bruggemans EF, Blom NA, Hazekamp MG. Thirty-year experience with the arterial switch operation. Ann Thorac Surg 2011;92(3):973-9.

Part II

Use of cardiac 123I-MIBG imaging in patients

Documento similar