Medidas de tendencia central y dispersión

It is not enough to be in contact with an infected fluid to become infected. Healthy, unbroken skin does not allow HIV to get into the body; it is an excellent barrier to HIV infection. HIV can only enter the bloodstream through an open cut or sore, or through contact with the mucous membranes or damaged tissue in the anus and rectum, the genitals, the mouth, and the eyes; or be directly injected from a needle or syringe.

You cannot get HIV from kissing, hugging, casual contact, drinking from the same glass, eating together, swimming pools, public toilets, pets, and mosquito bites. HIV is not transmitted through casual, every day contact. Since HIV is not transmitted by saliva, it is impossible to get it through sharing a glass, a fork, a sandwich, or fruit. The chemicals used in swimming

Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training pools and hot tubs would instantly kill any HIV, if the hot water had not killed it already.

Sterilized needles are always used in taking blood from donors, so HIV is not spread in this manner. Humans are the only animals that can carry HIV. HIV is not transmitted by mosquitoes, flies, ticks, fleas, bees or wasps. If a bloodsucking insect bites someone with HIV, the virus dies almost instantly in the insect's stomach (as it digests the blood). HIV can only live in human cells.

There are laboratory tests that can be availed of should one decide to be tested. How do HIV tests work? The most commonly used HIV tests detect the presence of HIV antibodies – the body’s army that comprise part of our immune system and fights off invaders such as bacteria and viruses. There are tests that identify HIV's genetic material or proteins directly. It can take some time for the immune system to produce enough antibodies for the antibody test to detect it, and this “window period” between infection with HIV and the ability to detect it with antibody tests can vary from person to person. During this time, the HIV viral load and the likelihood of transmitting the virus through sex or needle-sharing partners may be very high. Most infected individuals will develop detectable antibodies within 2 to 8 weeks (the average is within 25 days) of their infection. Ninety-seven percent (97%) of persons will develop detectable antibodies in the first 3 months. Even so, there is a small chance that some individuals will take longer to develop detectable antibodies. Therefore, a person should consider a follow-up test more than three months after their last potential exposure to HIV. In extremely rare cases, it can take up to 6 months to develop antibodies to HIV.

Conventional HIV tests are sent to a laboratory for testing, and it can take a week or two before the test results are available. There are also rapid HIV tests available that can give results in as little as 20 minutes. A positive HIV test result means that a person may have been infected with HIV. All positive HIV test results, regardless of whether they are from rapid or conventional tests, must be verified by a second “confirmatory” HIV test.

HIV antibody tests can have two different results: positive or negative.

1. A positive result on a confirmed HIV antibody test means that HIV antibodies are present and one is infected with HIV (called "HIV positive"); the person can infect others but does not mean that the person has AIDS.

Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training 2. A negative result on an HIV antibody test means that most

likely one is not infected with HIV. However, it can take 3 to 6 weeks, and sometimes up to 3 months (and in few cases up to 6 months) before HIV antibodies show up on a standard test. As a result, some people who are recently infected with HIV may still have a negative test result during this time.

Knowing your status can allow you to begin treatment which can help prevent the further spread of the virus, and in some cases prevent complications associated with HIV infection. HIV testing should be voluntary and confidential. Counseling before and after HIV testing will help you understand what behaviors put you at risk and teach you how to decrease the chance of becoming infected. If the test result is positive, counseling will address your immediate needs for support and information, and teach you on how to decrease the chance of infecting others.

In the early 1980s when the HIV/AIDS epidemic began, people with AIDS were not likely to live longer than a few years. Today, there are 31 antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to treat HIV infection. These treatments do not cure people of HIV or AIDS. Rather, they suppress the virus, even to undetectable levels, but they do not completely eliminate HIV from the body. By suppressing the amount of virus in the body, people infected with HIV can now lead longer and healthier lives. However, they can still transmit the virus and must continuously take antiretroviral drugs in order to maintain their health quality.

Recent information from UNAIDS showed rapidly expanding epidemic among men having sex with men (MSM) from 0.28% in 2007 to 7.7% in 2013, there is also increasing prevalence among freelance Female Sew Workers (FSW) from 0.16% in 2007 to 0.68% in 2011.

With the rising trend in the number of new cases in a month, the Philippines cannot afford to be complacent. Several factors have been identified which may lead to continued considerable increase of new HIV infections in the country: high rates of sexually transmitted infection (STI); a substantially large sex industry, networks of men having sex with men with behaviors putting them at considerable risk of HIV infection; a legal situation which does not support HIV prevention services to injecting drug users; an increasing number of HIV cases in adolescents and young people, large numbers of adolescents living or working under conditions which make them very vulnerable to sexual abuse or exploitation, combined with overall low awareness of STI and HIV risk and low condom use (UNICEF).

Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training In addition, the Philippines has more than 7 million migrant workers moving in and out of the country. Twenty-eight percent of the total number of reported HIV/AIDS cases are migrant workers (PNAC).

In a UNAIDS report, “HIV in Asia and the Pacific: Getting to Zero” cited HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs particularly in Cebu City accelerated rapidly from 0.6%to 53% in just two years, between 2009 and 2011. In nearby Mandaue, 3.6% of people who inject drugs are HIV- positive. The overlap between injecting drug use and sex work means that HIV epidemics in people who inject drugs invariably spread to other population groups until effective prevention efforts take hold.

In December 2013, there were 358 new HIV Antibody sero-positive individuals confirmed by the STD/AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory (SACCL) and reported to the HIV and AIDS Registry. This was a 22% increase compared to the same period last year (n=293 in 2012).

Most of the new cases (95%) were males. The median age was 27 years (age range: 17-78 years). The 20-29 year (59%) age-group had the most number of cases. Fifty percent (7,622) of the reported cases were from the National Capital Region (NCR).

Of the 16,516 HIV positive cases reported from 1984 to 2013, 93% (15,345) were infected through sexual contact, 4% (711) through needle sharing among injecting drug users, <1% (62) through mother-to-child transmission, <1% (20) through blood transfusion and needle prick injury <1% (3). No data is available for 2% (375) of the cases. Cumulative data shows 41% (2,697) were infected through heterosexual contact, 36% (2,386) through homosexual contact, and 23% (1,489) through bisexual contact. From 2007 there has been a shift in the predominant trend of sexual transmission from heterosexual contact (24%) to males having sex with other males (76%).

Of the 358 (339 males and 19 females) HIV positive cases, 31 were reported as AIDS cases. The median age is 30 years (age range: 24-30 years) acquired the infection through sexual contact (heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual).

There is a significant difference in the number of male and female cases reported. Eighty-one percent (5,826) were males. Ages ranged from 4-79 years (median 27 years). The age groups with the most number of cases were: 20-24 years (19%), 25-29 (26%) and 30-34 years (19%).

HIV and AIDS is an urgent issue for the workplace that we must pay attention to because it has the potential to reduce productivity and economic growth. The virus can place heavy financial and social burden on families as they are faced with reduced income and often need to pay for

Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) Training an array of medical treatments. Workers and families also face considerable stigma and discrimination from the virus causing loss of jobs and other acts of discrimination in the community.

The ABC approach to preventing the sexual transmission of HIV has been defined and adopted by a variety of organizations, governments and non- governmental organizations ever since the term was first used in 1992 when the then Secretary of Health, seeking a compromise between the Catholic Church and government at the time brought together abstinence, fidelity and condom use to create the 'ABC slogan.‘

According to UNAID's 2004 Global Report on the AIDS Epidemic, 'ABC' stands for:

• Abstinence (not engaging in sex, or delaying first sex)

• Being safer, by being faithful to one's partner or reducing the number of sexual partners

• Correct and consistent use of condoms These were later expanded to include: • Don’t share needles/sterilized needles • Education and information

In recognition of the fact the HIV and AIDS has far-reaching consequences beyond the health sector, the government passed Republic Act 8504 otherwise known as The Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998 to prevent the spread of the virus among the working population. The DOLE D.O. No. 102-10: Guidelines for the Implementation of HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control in the Workplace Program strengthens the workplace response in implementing provision of the law.

Tetanus

Tetanus, commonly called lockjaw, is another illness caused by a bacterial toxin or poison from the spore of the bacterium Clostridium tetani.

Tetanus affects the nervous system and is characterized by an increase in muscle tone causing painful spasms. Lockjaw is one of the usual manifestations of untreated tetanus infection. Severe spasms and convulsions may occur which can lead to death if not treated early.

Workers engaged in agriculture have an increased risk of contracting tetanus. Such workers are particularly susceptible to cuts and abrasions, and owing to the nature of the work environment it is likely that wounds will become contaminated with soil containing tetanus spores. Other susceptible workers include miners and construction workers.