Mejoramiento y Modificación de Accesos Direccionales

I do not need to justify my subject: "America and the World Revolution." There can be few contemporary questions that are of such outstanding importance and interest as this one is.

Arnold Toynbee1

The last years of the twentieth century were ones of optimism. The Soviet Empire had crumbled with surprising speed at the end. Literally, walls were being pulled down. Nuclear arms were being reduced. The West looked forward to years of stability and trade. Hopes were expressed of spreading democracy and prosperity around the world. A few years later and it all seems to have changed. As if from nowhere, a new enemy has appeared, "terrorism." And it largely originates from problems in the Middle East - Israel's occupation of Arab land and the insecurity of supplies of Middle Eastern oil.

Middle Eastern oil is crucial to the West's survival. Western multinationals discovered the oil in the first half of the twentieth century and kept it flowing when Arab colonies became independent. But at the very time when the US and Britain were running out of their own oil, many of their main oil suppliers - countries like Saudi Arabia and Iraq - had become politically unreliable, and could no longer be taken for granted. Israel, a Western enclave and the West's principal ally in the Middle East, helped maintain the balance of power in the troubled region, but was also the main source of Arab discontent. The West had now reached a point where a reinstatement of the Ottoman Empire would be attractive: a United States of the Middle East including North Africa that would toe the Western line

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and guarantee Western access to oil for decades to come. And now that the Great Power rivalry of the Cold War had ended, the post-Cold-War New World Order run by the US was in a position to impose it by Syndicate interventions.

The New World Order

The term "New World Order" was first used in the modern media by New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, who was quoted in AP (July 26, 1968) as saying "he would work toward international creation of 'a new world order.'" In the AP report Nelson Rockefeller pledged that "As President, he would work toward international creation of a new world order." In fact he had called for world federalism in his The Future of Federalism, 1962, claiming that current events compellingly demanded a "new world order" as the old order was crumbling. "There will evolve the bases for a federal structure of the free world." In 1967 Richard Nixon echoed this call for a New World Order. In the October 1967 issue of Foreign Affairs, the CFR journal, Nixon wrote of nations' dispositions to evolve regional approaches to development needs and to the evolution of a "new world order."2

The roots of the New World Order can be found in the French Revolution, the storming of the Bastille in 1789 that was organized by the Illuminati within the Grand Orient under the Duke of Orleans as I have shown in The Secret History of the West, and culminated in the beheading of Louis XVI. The 200th anniversary of this revolutionary act was celebrated on March 30, 1989,3 when President Mitterand (then the most powerful 33rd-degree Grand Orient Freemason in Europe)4 unveiled a glass pyramid designed by the American architect I. M. Pei outside the Louvre.5 The pyramid is an Il- luminati symbol found on the American Great Seal and dollar bill above the tag "Novus Ordo Seculorum," "Secular New Order," as we have seen. It was clear to all who took part in the ceremony that the purpose of the New World Order was to finish the business begun by the Illuminatist French Revolu- tion: to bring about a universal republic that would rule the world. This re- launching in Paris of the New World Order called for by Nelson Rockefeller in 1968 was swiftly followed by Gorbachev's pulling down of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989 - and the tearing down of the Iron Curtain.

On September 11, 1990, after Bush Sr. had said that "a New World Order can emerge"6 that could "shape the future for generations to

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come," Secretary of State James Baker said that "it would set an extremely unfortunate precedent for the New World Order" if aggression were rewarded and that "if we really believe that there's an opportunity here for a New World Order, and many of us do believe that, we can't start out by appeasing aggression."7 Bush supported the "Rockefellerite" UN Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali's call for a permanent UN Army and pledged America's economic and military support for this "revolutionary" attempt to create a New World Order.

President Bush made a number of references to the New World Order in January 1991. In an interview in US News & World Report (January 7) he said: "I think that what's at stake here is the New World Order. What's at stake here is whether we can have disputes peacefully resolved in the future by a reinvigorated United Nations." In a press conference (January 9) he said: "[The Gulf crisis] has to do with a New World Order. And that New World Order is only going to be enhanced if this newly activated peace-keeping function of the United Nations proves to be effective." In a televised address (January 16) he said: "When we are successful, and we will be, we have a real chance at this New World Order, an Order in which a credible United Nations can use its peace-keeping role to fulfill the promise and vision of the UN's founders." In the National Security Strategy of the United States (August 1991) issued by the White House and signed by Bush, he said: "In the Gulf, we saw the United Nations playing the role dreamed of by its founders .... I hope history will record that the Gulf crisis was the crucible of the New World Order."8

On February 6, 1991, President Bush spoke at the Economic Club of New York City in the presence of the ex-Chairman of the CFR, David Rockefeller. He was asked a question by a reporter: "You have talked several times about basing the future on a New World Order. Can you give us a definition of a New World Order, and if it depends on the collaboration between the Soviet Union and the United States, how do events in the Soviet Union affect this concept?" Bush replied: "Well, it doesn't depend entirely on it, but it would be greatly enhanced by a Soviet Union that goes down the line with its commitment to market reform, to private ownership of land, to a free economic system, to a system that resists, and does not use force to assure order amongst the republics, that goes farther down the road with elections, and all the openness that I give President Gorbachev credit for .... Now, my vision of a New World Order foresees

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a United Nations with a revitalized peace-keeping function."9 It is clear from this exchange that Bush envisaged the New World Order as a world democracy that would include the former Soviet Union.

Maybe "New World Order" is a vague description of a new arrangement of the balance of power. Or maybe Bush, a Skull and Bones Templar Freemason10 (Skull and Bones is a Yale Order which has getting on for 600 living initiates among its graduates), was aware he was drawing on a Freemasonic tradition of an Order originally linked with the New World, America, by the Elizabethan Francis Bacon (see The Secret History of the West for more on this).

In either case, disputes over oil have driven events in the twentieth century. The Syndicate has intervened continuously in the affairs of nation-states to move the world to global government, leveling the European Empires and crushing the independence of smaller nations. Acting in conjunction with US diplomacy, they have managed Eastern and Western Europe in such a way that they have both been leveled sufficiently to meet within a broadly socialist Europe. At the same time, on the fringes of Europe and further afield, the UN and NATO have been used successively as a world army to carry out leveling procedures against dictators in the Middle East, Africa, and the Balkans. The two parallel policies of the Syndicate have prepared nation-states for world government. The first Iraqi War demonstrates an increasing momentum on both counts. The reason is - the world is running out of oil. The Arabs tried to exploit this shortage.

OPEC

In 1953 an internal US document11 declared, "United States policy is to keep the sources of oil in the Middle East in American hands." However, by the 1960s most Middle-Eastern countries had gained a measure of independence, and OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries) was founded by Venezuela, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,and

Iraq. Since then the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, and Indonesia have joined. During the 1950s production exceeded demand and oil prices sank.

In the 1970s the main oil-producing countries of the Middle East resented being controlled by the large Western-owned oil companies, and decided to take control of their own oil and use it as a political weapon.

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OPEC aimed to push up oil prices by cutting production and weaken the oil companies. OPEC raised the price of crude oil 70% and quadrupled it; and Arab states placed an embargo on supplies to countries that supported Israel's expansionism. In the fourth quarter of 1973 the Western companies had enormously increased their profits: Exxon by 59%, Texaco by 70.1%, Standard of California by 94.2%, Mobil by 68.2%, Standard of Indiana by 52.8%, and Gulf by 153%. The oil companies overcharged some $2b during 1973-4.12

OPEC profits were invested in special high interest 20- and 30-year certificates of deposit in American banks. Huge amounts of OPEC money, multiplied by the methods of fractional reserve banking (in which a one billion-dollar reserve expands into more than $30b in loans) were then loaned by the American banks to developing countries so that they could afford oil at the new price. This was known as petro-dollar recycling. For example, Standard Oil bought $1b worth of crude oil for its refineries from Saudi Arabia, who then placed that money in Chase Manhattan Bank, which was partly owned by "Rockefellers" who also owned Standard Oil. Chase Manhattan then loaned the money to developing countries, and received many multiples of $1b (the original cost of the crude oil).13

The large oil companies are now making huge profits. BP's profit in the second quarter of 2000 was $3.6b (164% up from the previous year, making its half-year profit up 197%). Exxon Mobil's profit rose 123%, and Royal Dutch Shell's 95%.14

Iran

Most of the world's oil reserves are in the Middle East, and its recent history reflects the desire of the West to get their hands on it. In the first half of the twentieth century Iran was controlled by the British. In 1952 the Iranian premier Dr. Mosaddeq nationalized the Iranian oil industry and the Shah's royal estates, and the Shah fled the country. The next year a CIA-backed coup against him restored the Shah, who expelled the British. "Rockefellers" Standard Oil now controlled the British-Persian oilfield.15 Occidental Petroleum (founded by Armand Hammer, who had close ties with Russia) and Russia built two large pipelines from the Russian oilfields along both sides of the Caspian to reach the oilfields in Iran, and Standard Oil received the oil and sold it on the world market as Iranian oil

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for nearly 50 years.16

From 1954 onwards Chase Manhattan had received all money due from the sale of Iranian oil in the West (approximately $30b a year), and had acted as banker for the Pahlavi Foundation.17 In 1978 there was a revolution in Iran, and the Standard Oil-backed Shah fled in January 1979. Through the influence of David Rockefeller and Kissinger he was allowed to go to Mexico.18 Immediately both Iranian and South Arabian oil exports were cut, and oil prices soared. The resulting energy crisis in the US contributed to the fall of President Carter.

Ayatollah Khomeini, a Moslem Islamic Shi'ite cleric who had opposed the Shah's reduction of religious land, flew back from exile in Paris to rule Iran. The flow of Russian oil through Iran stopped. Other pipelines were constructed through Iraq and Turkey to convey Russian oil to the West. Russian oil was called OPEC Arabian-Middle Eastern oil.19

The "Rockefeller"-influenced US government threatened to seize $7.9b of Iranian assets in the US. To increase his leverage on the West, Khomeini encouraged "students" to seize the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 and held 52 hostages for nearly 15 months against the return of the dying Shah.20

In April 1979, meeting in Austria, the Bilderberg Group endorsed a theocratic state under Khomeini.21 Did this endorsement become Western policy? In 1981 the $7.9b was transferred electronically to Iran.22

Afghanistan

In December 1979 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, another of "Rockefellers'" new fronts, as Standard Oil/Russia tried to secure a short and safe oil pipeline route through the country.23 Besides implementing the pipeline the invasion offered an opportunity to export oil by a pipeline to Pakistan, and the prospect of eventual access to a port on the Indian Ocean whence the oil of the Persian Gulf, and of Iran, could be exported.24

This invasion put an end to further arms reduction (SALT II) and signaled that detente was now dead. Carter (a protege of David Rockefeller's who had more than 70 members of the CFR - 291 members of the Trilateral Commission and CFR combined - in his administration)25 pledged in January 1980 (in his State of the Union address) that any attack on the Persian Gulf - or anywhere in Brzezinski's "arc of crisis"26 - would be

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regarded as an attack on the US and would be met by a Rapid Deployment Force.

Soviet troops failed to conquer Afghanistan and the pipeline project was abandoned.27

Iraq

Iraq was on the receiving end of the biggest Syndicate intervention following years of intrigue concerning Kuwait.

Kuwait had been founded in the eighteenth century. In 1880 the British Government made Emir Abdullah al Salem al Sabah its representative outside the southern border of Iraq, near where the Rumaila oilfields had been discovered inside Iraq. In 1899 al Sabah ceded to England and British Petroleum land inside Iraq, including part of the Rumaila oilfields, which he had no right to do.28 In 1915 - after the building of the Berlin-Baghdad railway - the British invaded Iraq and set up a mandate in North Iraq and a puppet regime under King Faisal of Syria in Basra and South Iraq.29

In 1923 Britain had to agree to grant Iraq independence when Iraq joined the League of Nations, to the anger of the oil companies. Iraq became independent in 1932. In the same year the Mosul oilfields were discovered, and in 1935 British Petroleum built a pipeline from there to Haifa (in modern Israel).30 In 1961 Abdul Karim Kassem claimed that Kuwait was Iraqi, as the Ottoman Empire itself had recognized for 400 years. In 1965 Britain granted Kuwait independence, which meant that Kuwait could not be given back to Iraq and that Iraq's claims could be ignored. The British ruled Kuwait through the al Sabah family for another 30 years.31

Saddam was trying to recover part of the Rumaila oilfields - the north Rumaila field produces 750,000 barrels per day, the south Rumaila field 500,000 bpd - and to seize the al-Burqan oilfields in Kuwait itself, the second largest in the world.32

Saddam Hussein was a criminal before he entered politics and had been on the run after attempting to assassinate the dictator Abdul Karim Kassem. According to Richard Sale, intelligence correspondent for UPI, Saddam was recruited by the CIA in 1959 to do this, following Iraq's withdrawal from the anti-Soviet Baghdad Pact in 1959.33 This withdrawal prompted Allen Dulles, CIA Director, to say that Iraq was "the most

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dangerous spot in the world." Sale wrote that Saddam lost his nerve and began firing too soon, killing Kassem's driver but only wounding Kassem in his shoulder and arm.

US Arms Saddam against Iran

Saddam rose with the Baath Party's coup of 1968, and he took supreme power in 1979.

He now milked Iraq for his family and ran a brutal regime based on torture and execution: on one estimate three million Iraqis were executed after 1968, and Saddam may have been responsible for two million of these.34 Saddam modeled himself on Stalin and admired Stalin's treatment of his Russian people. He used chemical weapons on the Iraqi Kurds to avenge their collaboration with Iran.

Saddam had nevertheless been a good friend of America. His relationship with the CIA intensified after the start of the Iran-Iraq war in September 1980. The US were alarmed at the extremism in Iran, and courted him as an ally.

During the 1980s the "Rockefellerite" Syndicate through US diplomats had encouraged35 Saddam to abrogate the 1975 agreement with Iran and send his armored units into south-west Iran, thus precipitating the Iran- Iraq war, which was to weaken both sides and set back their respective drives for nuclear weapons so that they would not be a threat to British and American oil interests or to Israel. It was also to keep the British and American oilfields out of Iraq's and Iran's grasp. Henry Kissinger said at the time, "The ultimate American interest in the war is that both should lose," and throughout the war Israel supplied Iran with at least $500m worth of arms a year.36 In July 1985 Reagan authorized Israel to sell TOW anti-tank missiles to Iran, and in January 1986 approved direct US arms sales to the Khomeini government in Iran.37 During the eight years of the Iran-Iraq war, each side lost a million men.38

Did "Rockefellerites" who organized the overthrow of the Shah in the hope of securing Iranian oil also arm Saddam Hussein in the hope of securing Iraqi oil? In 1983 the US Agriculture Department loaned Iraq $365m officially to buy agricultural products, although the money was in fact spent on arms.39 The Banco Nazionale de Lavoro, whose Brescia branch had given credit in 1981 so that Iraq could buy mines from an Italian

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company, made a $2.1b commercial loan through its Atlanta branch. In all the Bush administration provided Saddam with loans totaling $5.5b.40

prelude to War

In 1989, when global demand for Gulf oil had increased, the US Department of Energy reported, to considerable consternation, that Iraq had begun to build an atomic bomb, using US technology.41 Had the program been unknowingly funded by the US? Be that as it may, the US government made it clear that this was not acceptable.

In November 1989, allegedly in response to this nuclear test, the