5. Memoria y arraigo: una pedagogía de la memoria
5.3. Memoria y silencio
Yesterday m orning I got up and looked ou t o f the window. The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet.
It h a d b e e n r a in in g .
It was not raining w hen I looked out o f the window; the sun was shining. B ut it h a d b e e n raining before.
H a d b e e n -in g is the past perfect continuous:
I we v o u /th ev . , (= I’d. etc.) . d o in g , . had . , . . been w orkin g h e /s ^ e it i = h e d. etc.) , .
playing, etc.
Some m ore examples:
■ W h en the boys came into the house, their clothes w ere d i r r - their hair was messy, and one o f them had a black eye. T hey’d b e e n fig h tin g .
■ I was very tired w hen I got hom e. I’d b e e n w o r k in g hard all day.
■ W h en I w ent to Tokyo a few years ago, I stayed w ith a friend o f m ine. She’d b e e n liv in g there only a short tim e bu t knew the city very well.
You can say that som ething h a d b e e n h a p p e n in g for a period o f tim e before som ething else happened:
■ W e’d b e e n p la y in g tennis for about half an ho u r w hen it started to rain hard. ■ Jim w ent to the doctor last Friday. H e h a d n ’t b e e n fe e lin g well for some time. C om pare h av e b e e n -in g (present perfect continuous) and h a d b e e n -in g (past perfect continuous):
Present Perfect Continuous
I h av e b e e n -in g
past nou>
■ I hope the bus comes soon. I’ve b e e n w a itin g for 20 m inutes, (bejore now)
■ Jam es is out of breath. He h as b e e n ru n n in g .
Past Perfect Continuous
I h a d b e e n - i n g
past now
The bus finally came. I’d b e e n w a itin g for 20 m inutes, (before the bus came)
Jam es was out o f breath. H e h a d b e e n r u n n in g .
C om pare w as -in g (past continuous) and h a d b e e n -ing :
■ It w a sn ’t r a in in g w hen we w ent out. T he sun w as s h in in g . B ut it h a d b e e n ra in in g , so the ground was wet.
■ Stephanie w as s ittin g in an arm chair resting. She was tired because she’d b e e n w o r k in g very hard.
Some verbs (for example, k n o w and lik e) are n o t norm ally used in the continuous:
■ We w ere good friends. We h a d k n o w n each other for years. (not had been knowing) For a list o f these verbs, see U nit 4A.
Study this example situation:
Yesterday morning
Exercises
U N IB 1 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in parentheses.
1. I was very tired w hen I got hom e.
(I / w ork / hard all day) I d been w orking h a r d all day._______________________________________ 2. The two boys came into the house. They had a soccer ball, and they w ere b oth very tired, (they / play / so cc er)_____________________________________________________________ 3. I was disappointed w hen I had to cancel my vacation.
(I / look / forw ard to i t ) ________________________________________________________ ___ 4. A nn w oke up in the m iddle o f the night. She was scared and didn’t know w here she was.
(she / d re a m )_____________________________________________________________________ 5. W hen I got hom e, M ike was sitting in front o f the TV. H e had ju st tu rn ed it off.
(he / w atch / a D V D )_____________________________________________________________
'5 2 Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1. W e played tennis yesterday. H alf an hour after we began playing, it started to rain. W e h a d been playing fo r h a lf an hour w hen i t s ta r te d to rain .
2. I had arranged to m eet R obert in a restaurant. I arrived and w aited for him . After 20 m inutes I suddenly realized that I was in the w rong restaurant.
I ____________________________________for 20 m inutes w hen I ________________________ the w rong restaurant.
3. Sarah got a jo b in a factory. Five years later the factory closed down.
W hen the fa cto ry ____________________________________, S ara h ________________________ ___________________________________ there for five years.
4. I w ent to a concert last week. T he orchestra began playing. After about 10 m inutes a man in the audience suddenly started shouting.
T he o rc h e stra _____________________________________________________________________ w h e n ________________________________________________________________________ ____
This time make your own sentence:
5. I began driving hom e from w ork. I w h e n ___________________________
Put the verb into the most appropriate form, past continuous (I was doing), past perfect (/ had done), or past perfect continuous (/ had been doing).
1. It was very noisy next door. O u r neighbors w e re having (have) a party. 2. W e were good friends. W e h a d know n (know) each o ther for years. 3. Jo h n and I w ent for a walk. I had trouble keeping up w ith him because he
______________________________ (walk) so fast.
4. Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out o f breath. S h e ________________________ (run). 5. W h en I arrived, everybody was sitting around the table w ith their m ouths full. They
(eat)-
6. W h en I arrived, everybody was sitting around the table and talking. T heir m ouths were empty, bu t their stomachs w ere full. T h e y ______________________________ (eat). 7. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. H e ______________________________ (look)
for his contact lens.
8. W h en I arrived, K a te ______________________________ (wait) for me. She was upset w ith m e because I was late and s h e (wait) for a long time. 9. I was sad w hen I sold my car. I ______________________________ (have) it for a long time. 10. W e were exhausted at the end o f our trip. W e ______________________________ (travel) for
m ore than 24 hours.
U N I T
16
Have and have got
A
H a v e and h ave g o t (for possession, relationships, illnesses, etc.)I've got a new cell phone, too. You can use h av e g o t or have (w ithout go t). T here is no difference
or T hey’ve g o t a new car.
or N ancy has g o t two sisters. m meaning:
■ They have a new car. ■ N ancy h as two sisters.
■ I h ave a headache, or I’ve g o t a headache.
■ He h as a few problem s, or H e ’s g o t a few problem s. ■ O u r house has a big yard, or O ur house has g o t a big yard. W h en have m eans “possess,” etc., you cannot use continuous forms (is h a v in g / a re h av in g , etc.):
■ W e’re enjoying our vacation. W e h av e / h av e g o t a nice room in the hotel. (not W e’re having)
In questions and negative sentences there are two possible forms:
I have a new cell phone.
D o you h av e any questions? I d o n ’t have any questions. D o e s she h av e a car? She d o e s n ’t h av e a car.
H a v e you g o t any questions? I h a v e n ’t g o t any questions. H a s she g o t a car?
She h a s n ’t g o t a car.
For the past we use h a d (w ithout got):
■ A nn h a d long hair w hen she was a child.
In past questions and negative sentences, we use d i d / d i d n ’t: ■ D id they h av e a car w hen they w ere living in Miami? ■ I d i d n ’t h av e a watch, so I didn’t know w hat tim e it was. ■ Ann h a d long hair, d i d n ’t she?
H a v e b re a k fa s t / h ave tr o u b l e / h av e a g o o d tim e , etc.
W e also use h av e (but not h av e got) for many actions and experiences. For example: b re a k fa s t / d in n e r / a c u p o f c o ffe e / s o m e th in g to eat
a p a r ty / a safe t r i p / a g o o d f l i g h t an a c c id e n t / a n e x p e rie n c e / a d re a m have a lo o k (at som ething)
a c o n v e rs a tio n / a d is c u ss io n / a ta lk (with somebody) tr o u b le / d if f i c u lt y / f u n / a g o o d tim e , etc.
a b a b y (= give birth to a baby) / a n o p e r a tio n H a v e g o t is not possible in the expressions in the box. Com pare:
■ Sometimes I h ave (= eat) a sandwich for lunch. (not I’ve got)
but I’ve g o t / 'I have some sandwiches. W ould you like one?
You can use continuous forms (am h av in g , etc.) w ith the expressions in the box: ■ W e’re enjoying our vacation. W e’re h a v in g a great tim e. (not W e have) ■ M ike is h a v in g trouble w ith his car. H e often has trouble w ith his car. In questions and negative sentences, we use d o /d o e s / d i d :
■ I d o n ’t usually h ave a big breakfast. (not I usually haven’t) ■ W hat time d o es A nn h av e lunch? (not has A nn lunch) ■ D id vou h av e any trouble finding a place to live?
Exercises
U N I16.1 Write negative sentences with have. Some are present (can't) and some are past (couldn't).
1. I can’t get into the house, (a key) / don t h a v e a key. 2. I couldn’t read the letter, (my glasses) / didn t h a v e m y qh 3. I can’t climb up on the roof, (a ladder)
'asses.
4. W e couldn’t visit the m useum , (enough time) We 5. H e couldn’t find our house, (a m a p ) ____________ 6. She can’t pay her bills, (any money)
7. I can’t fix the car tonight, (enough energy) . 8. T hey couldn’t take any pictures, (a camera)
16.2 Complete the questions with have. Some are present and some are past.
1. Excuse me, do you h a v e a pen I could borrow?
2. W hy are you holding your face like th a t? ________________________a toothache? 3. ________________________ a lot o f toys w hen you were a child?
4. A: ________________________ the tim e, please?
B: Yes, it’s ten after seven.
5. I need a stamp for this le tte r.________________________ one?
6. W h e n you took the te s t,____________________ tim e to answer all the questions? 7. A: It started to rain very hard while I was taking a walk.
B: D id i t ? _____________________ an umbrella?
16.3 Write sentences about yourself. Do you have these things now? Did you have them 10 years ago? Write two sentences each time using I have / I don 't have and
I had / I didn't have.
N o w 10 years ago (or 5 i f y o u ’re young)
1. (a car) / h a v e a car. OR I ’ve g o t a car. / didr. . h a v e a car.___________
2. (a bike) I ________________________________ I _____________________________ 3. (a cell p h o n e ) ____________________________ _______________________________ 4. (a dog) 5. (a g u ita r)________ 6. (long h a ir ) ______ 7. (a driver’s license)
‘ 6.4 Complete the sentences. Use an expression from the list and put the verb into the correct form where necessary.
have a baby have a dream have a talk have trouble have a good flight have a look have lunch have a party have a nice time have dinner
1. I don’t eat m uch during the day. I never ha ve lunch .
2. If you’re angry w ith your friend, it m ight be a good idea to sit down and ____________________________________w ith her.
3. W e ___________________________________ last week. It was great - we invited lots o f people. 4. Excuse me, can I ___________________________________ at your newspaper, please?
5. Jim is on vacation in Hawaii. I hope h e ____________________________________. 6. I didn’t sleep well last night. I about my exam.
7. A: ___________________________________ finding the book you wanted?
B: N o, I found it OK.
8. C ry sta l___________________________________ a few weeks ago. It’s her second child. 9. A: W hy didn’t you answer the phone?
B: W e ___________________________________ w ith friends.
10. You meet your frie n d Sally at the airport. She has ju s t arrived. You say:
U N I T
17
Used to (do)
Study this example situation:
A fe iv years ago
D avid quit jog ging tw o years ago. H e doesn’t jo g any m ore. B u t he u s e d to jo g .
H e u s e d to j o g three m iles a day.
H e u s e d to j o g = he jo g g ed regularly in the past, b u t he doesn’t jo g now.
he doesn’t
he used to jog jog now
i
past 2 years ago
these days
Som ething u se d to happen = it happened regularly in the past b u t no longer happens: ■ I u se d to p la y tennis a lot, bu t I don’t play very often now.
■ David u se d to s p e n d a lot o f m oney on clothes. These days he can’t afford it. ■ “D o you go to the movies m uch?” “N o t any m ore, bu t I u sed to .” (= I used to go) W e also use u se d to . . . for som ething that was true but is not true any m ore:
■ This building is now a furniture store. It u se d to be a movie theater.
■ I u se d to th i n k M ark was unfriendly, bu t now I realize h e’s a very nice person. ■ I’ve started drinking coffee recently. I never u se d to lik e it before.
■ N icole u se d to h av e very long hair w hen she was a child.
“I u se d to d o s o m e th in g ” is past. T here is no present form . You cannot say “I use to do.” To talk about the present, use the simple present (I do). Com pare:
Past he u se d to p la y we u sed to live there u se d to be
Present he play s we live there is
■ We u se d to live in a small tow n, bu t now we live in Chicago.
■ T here u se d to b e four movie theaters in tow n. N ow there is only one. T he norm al question form is d id (you) u se to . . . ?:
■ D id you use to e a t a lot of candy w hen you were a child? The negative form is d i d n ’t use to . . . :
■ I d i d n ’t use to lik e him.
C om pare I u se d to d o and I w as d o in g :
■ I u se d to w a tc h TV a lot w hen I was little. (= I w atched TV regularly in the past, bu t I no longer do this)
■ I w as w a tc h in g TV w hen M ike called. (= I was in the m iddle o f w atching a program ) D o no t confuse I u se d to d o and I a m u sed to d o in g (see U n it 59). T he structures and m eanings are different:
■ I u sed to live alone. (= I lived alone in the past, but I no longer live alone.) ■ I a m u sed to liv in g alone. (= I live alone, and I don’t find it strange or difficult
because I’ve been living alone for some time.)