Mensajes de fallo

Findings from the study were presented to the Liberia WASH Consortium and stakeholders at Oxfam GB Liberia on 29 July 2011 in Monrovia, Liberia. The recommendations are aimed at Concern Liberia and Consortium partners.

The key recommendations are to:

 Ensure that all communal latrines are built with hand-washing facilities with soap.

 Advocate with municipalities for a reduced rate to empty septic tanks in slum communities.

 Create a demand for sanitation through well-planned hygiene promotion activities in slum communities as part of the Concern Liberia WASH programme.

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VIP latrine (built up in case of high water tables) and/or “Arborloo” toilets.

 Educate and build the capacity of WASH Committees through standardised trainings to ensure a basic level of skills. Curricula should include trainings (and refresher trainings) on handling complaints, responding to feedback, O&M requirements and bookkeeping.

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1 Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water 2010 Update. 2010. WHO/UNICEF JMP, Genenva.

2 Toubkiss, J 2008. Financing sanitation in sub-Saharan cities: a local challenge. IRC Symposium: Sanitation for the Urban Poor Partnerships and Governance Delft, The Netherlands. IN: IRC Symposium: Sanitation for the Urban Poor Partnerships and Governance, Delft, The Netherlands.

3 Uwejamomere, T 2008. Turning Slums Around: The case for water and sanitation. London: WaterAid.

4 "United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Urban Indicators Secure Tenure, Slums and Global Sample of Cities, 2002." Nairobi: UN Habitat, 21.

5 Cairncross, S 2004. The case for marketing sanitation. WSP-AF (Water and Sanitation Program for Africa) Field Notes, Nairobi, Kenya, digitally available at: http://www. wsp. org/publications/af_marketing. pdf.

6 Rahman, S., S. Banu, and F. Nessa, Health situation of slum dwellers of metropolitan

area of Dhaka. Bangladesh Medical Research Council bulletin, 1989. 15(2): p. 90.

7 Gulis, G., et al., Health status of people of slums in Nairobi, Kenya. Environmental research, 2004. 96(2): p. 219-227.

8 Allen, A, Hofmann, P and Griffiths, H. "Moving Down the Ladder: Governance and Sanitation That Works for the Urban Poor." In IRC Symposiyn: Sanitation for the Urban Poor, Partnerships and Governance. Delft, The Netherlands, 2006, 4.

9 Schaub-Jones, D 2005. Sanitation Partnerships: Beyond storage:. BPD Sanitation Series 10 Eales, K. "Partnerships for Sanitation for the Urban Poor: Is It Time to Shift Paradigm?" Paper presented at the IRC Symposium: Sanitation for the Urban Poor Partnerships and Governance Delft, The Netherlands, 2008

11 Op cit, Eales (2008), 6.

12 Morella, E., V. Foster, and S.G. Banerjee. "Climbing the Ladder: The State of Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa." Background Paper 13 (2008).

13 Allen, A, Hofmann, P & Griffiths, H 2006. Moving down the ladder: governance and sanitation that works for the urban poor. IRC Symposiyn: Sanitation for the Urban Poor, Partnerships and Governance. Delft, The Netherlands.

14 Odongo, G 2010. Insecurity and indignity : womenʼs experiences in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya. London, UK, Amnesty International Publications. London: Amnesty International. 15 Gil, A., C.F. Lanata, E. Kleinau, and M. Penny. "Children's Feces Disposal Practices in Developing Countries and Interventions to Prevent Diarrheal Diseases: A Literature Review (Strategic Report 11)." Washington, DC: Environmental Health Project, USAID (2004).

16 "Good Practices Related to Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation: Bio Sanitation in Nairobiʼs Peoplesʼ Settlements." Nairobi: UNHCR, 2010.

17 "Kenya: Cooking on Biogas from Toilets in Kibera." WordPress.com,

washafrica.wordpress.com/2011/04/04/kenya-cooking-on-biogas-from-toilets-in-\ kiberia/entries

18 Sarkar, S , and S Moulik. "The Mumbai Slum Sanitation Program: Partnering with Slum Communities for Sustainable Sanitation in a Megalopolis. ." Washington, DC: World Bank, 2006.

19 Schaub-Jones, D. "Sanitation Partnerships: Beyond Storage:." BPD Sanitation Series (2005).

20 Lamb, J 2009. Monrovia Urban Slum WASH Assessment, Liberia – Oxfam GB. 21 “Topographic Map of Liberia.” Retrieved 28 April 2011, from

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Topographic_map_of_Liberia-en.svg/2000px- Topographic_map_of_Liberia-en.svg.png

22 Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (2009) Government of Liberia, Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy in Collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOH), Ministry of Public Works (MPW), Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC),

UNICEF, WaterAid and the Liberia WASH Consortium.

23 Liberia Sanitation and Water Agenda (LISWA). 2010. Monrovia.

24 Statement of Work Joint Mission: Government of Liberia and its Development Partners Improved National Planning for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Monrovia, United Nations Development Programme and Government of Liberia.

25 Sitali, M 2010. Life and Dignity at Risk: The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector in Liberia. Oxfam.

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26 Beyond Squatters Rights - Durable solutions and development induced displacement.

2011.Oslo: Norwegian Refugee Council, 22.

27 LIBERIA: Disease rife as more people squeeze into fewer toilets. 2009. Integrated Regional Information Network. Available:

http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportide=87110. [Accessed 23 August 2011]. 28 "Safer Water Better Health." Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.

29 Lamb, J 2009. Monrovia Urban Slum WASH Assessment, Liberia – Oxfam GB. 30 Interview. Patrick OʼKoth, Public Health Officer, Oxfam GB Liberia, Monrovia, 28 June 2011.

31 Interview. Morris Sherman, Construction Engineer Concern Worldwide Liberia, Monrovia, 28 June 2011.

32 Based on figures from CONCERN Montserrado WASH programme. 33 Based on caretaker financial records.

34 The State of Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Liberia: Liberia Comprehensive Food and Nutrition Survey. Ministry of Agriculture and World Food Programme, VAM Food Security Analysis, Monrovia, 2010, 57.

35 11 July 2011, Focus Group Discussion with Logan Town Women Development Association, Zinc Kamp, Logan Town, Monrovia.

36 Focus Group Discussion with Logan Town Women Development Association. 11 July 2011. Zinc Kamp, Logan Town, Monrovia.

37 Transect Walk. 6 July 2011. Zinc Kamp, Logan Town. Chairman Alex W.

38 Focus Group Discussion with Logan Town Women Development Association. 11 July 2011, Zinc Kamp, Logan Town, Monrovia.

38 1 July, 6 July (2011)

39 Gil, A., C.F. Lanata, E. Kleinau, and M. Penny. "Children's Feces Disposal Practices in Developing Countries and Interventions to Prevent Diarrheal Diseases: A Literature Review (Strategic Report 11)." Washington, DC: Environmental Health Project, USAID (2004).

40 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability [Online]. New York: United Nations Development Programme. Available: www.undp.org/mdg/goal7.shtml [Accessed 23 August 2011].

41 EcoSanRes. 2009. Stockholm: Stockholm Environmental Institute. Available: www.ecosanres.org. [Accessed 30 August 2011].

42 Interview. Morris Sherman, Construction Engineer Concern Worldwide Liberia, Monrovia, 28 June 2011.

43 "Diarrhoea: Why Children Are Still Dying and What Can Be Done?". 68. New York City: UNICEF/WHO, 2009.

44 Cairncross, S., and U. Blumenthal, et al. "The Public and Domestic Domains in the Transmission of Disease." Trop Med Int Health 1, no. 1 (1996): 27-34, p. 28.

45 Said, B & Drasar, B (1996) IN Curtis, V., S. Cairncross, and R. Yonli. "Domestic Hygiene and Diarrhoea - Pinpointing the Problem." Trop Med Int Health 5, no. 1 (2000): 22-32.