Much of the recent literature on DSM indicates research gaps in the application of DSA into operational land resource assessment. This, combined with the need for new and specific spatial soil information to inform irrigated agricultural development in Tasmania, has driven the context and structure of the applied research presented in this thesis. Several research demands pertaining to the operationalization of predictive soil mapping have emerged;
48 1) Providing objective continuous maps of soil properties that can be accomplished with newly collected field data, using existing soil descriptions skills, and sampled within tight timeframes and budgets.
2) Produce maps of functional soil properties at different depths, at the appropriate resolution.
3) Taking components from the DSM research discipline, applying and adapting these to practical and operational frameworks.
There is an identified specific need to test the application of DSM research with operational land resource assessment, both regionally, state-based and nationally. Tasmania has been one of the first Governments to invest in applying these approaches operationally, through the ‘Wealth from Water’ and ‘Water for Profit’ projects, with funding and support from the Australian Research Council Linkage project (LP110200731, Wealth from Water) and the University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment. The applied research presented here has now been integrated into DPIPWE core-business (Sustainable Land Use and Information Management, ‘Water for Profit’ (DPIPWE, 2015)), effectively concerning the following research themes;
a) Demonstration that some of the popular DSM sampling strategies are impractical and difficult to implement in challenging environments and intensively used private-tenure land. Development and incorporation of practicable sampling methodologies that provide a means for sampling the range of all covariate values used within a predictive modelling of soil properties, along with independent validation sites, which allow enough flexibility to complete resourced sampling targets when access is highly constrained (Chapter 2).
b) A method for providing the appropriate spatial soil property information without the need to undertake expensive and time-consuming replicated field measurements, taking full advantage of and extrapolating soil scientist expert knowledge across the landscape (Chapter 3).
49 c) Developing functional soil property maps to required depths and attributes that fit within a limitation-based suitability framework, parametrised specifically to suitability rule-sets, and optimised for large area operational land resource assessment activities (Chapter 4).
d) Expanding the functional mapping process to a larger, state-wide area, integrating newly collected data with existing legacy sites, producing associated uncertainties of prediction as upper and lower prediction limits, and using these to guide where future soil sampling campaigns should be resourced (Chapter 5).
e) Applying and testing a conventional land suitability framework with the functional DSM surfaces, as part of an overall DSA, while assessing agricultural versatility and capital.
f) Overall development of a framework for operational DSA, specifically to inform land suitability assessment.
This thesis does not concentrate on any one specific aspect of DSM, but the incorporation of the multi-faceted components of the science into an operational framework; soil sampling, choosing covariates, 3D soil property predictions, uncertainties, validation, choosing diagnostics, producing maps and informative formats, and delivering the information to relevant audiences; and presents further evidence to integrate these learnings into the traditional soil science disciplines and operational needs. The initial and continued resistance of the traditional Tasmanian soil science community to have DSM accepted into operation has driven the need to formally publish and seek scientifically rigorous peer-review of the applied DSM, which is presented as chapters of this thesis. It is anticipated that the research presented here can provide sufficient evidence and operational functionality to encourage comparable DSM methodologies into land evaluation both in Tasmania, and for implementation elsewhere.
50
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