Metodologías de desarrollo de Software

In the process of the unstructured interview, the researcher took on the role of ethnographer. In this approach the researcher is more of a facilitator creating a

comfortable context for the interviewees to feel free to tell their stories. An unstructured interview could be experienced as an intimate conversation. With this approach, the participants determined the interview schedule, interview place, and which topics they interest to expand further or to exclude (with ethics approval number 1300000461). The local participants in Cai Rang preferred their houses as the interview place to other places such as markets or coffee shops. Most frequently, conversations were had after work or during lunchtime. Most participants loved to talk about their whole life first, what

happened in the past, and their current livelihoods before talking about flooding and their daily life.

It was advantageous that the researcher lived on site and became familiar to the local participants. This enabled conversation and interviews with locals on many separate occasions throughout the day and evening. In an unstructured interview the researcher endeavours to exert minimum control over participants’ responses and allow the

participants to express their ideas in their own terms and own ways. To prevent the

conversation from losing its original purpose, the attention and interest of the researcher in some focusing topics may influence to participants to direct the conversation.

4.5.1 Conducting one-to-one unstructured interviews

One-on-one conversation with local residents occurred anytime and followed locals’

schedules. Initially, local residents seemed to not be comfortable with one-to-one conversation and required approximately 15 minutes to warm to the interview. Each interview was figured to take approximately 45 minutes to one hour. It was expected that interviews could cover the following themes: (1) locals’ daily life and livelihoods; (2) changes of social life between generations; (3) thoughts, memories and feelings about flooding (4) local practices to live with flood regarding to their ways in choosing living area, building their houses; continuing the livelihoods; and moving plans. Interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed as accurately as possible for data analysis.

4.5.2 Utterances analysis

The unstructured interview data was considered as essential data to explore all aspects of the locals’ physical and social practices under flooding conditions in the

waterfront community. It was expected to revealed stress of local residents in the flooding circumstance, therefore, the researcher focused on the extracts in local discourses about their thoughts and feelings in relation to the flooding in terms of:

(1) what flood-related issues were expressed in the discourses;

(2) how locals expressed their memories and experiences of flooding;

(3) how attitudes and hidden feelings about flooding exposed by words.

Text data from 27 transcribed interviews was manually analysed to capture the participants’ utterances expressed their feelings to flooding in different circumstances. The two extracts below demonstrated how different genders expressed their feelings in relation to flooding while answered the researcher’s questions about floods in general. The

researcher’s questions for these two interviewees had different content and were not directly asking about the personal feeling to floods. However, the answers from participant indicated that the participants felt comfortable in talking about and exposing their feelings.

The utterances analysis in this study was conducted referred the approaches of Belkin, Brooks & Daniels (1987), Coulthard (2014), Dunn, Bretherton & Munn(1987), and Fairclough (2013).

In extract 13.1, the male interviewee presented his optimistic attitude to flood while talking about his work under flood situation. His talk “the floating-water season is so funny”

used the utterance ‘so funny’ that was repeated three times in his short dialogue as the key utterance to show his stress status.

Extract 13.1. Interview 04 Sept 13.

Q: Mùa nước nổi có ảnh hưởng gì

Q: Does the floating-water season affect your daily work?

M13: In the old days, flooding was negligible so I was not afraid. Now, if the floating-water rises, I will elevate my machinery and equipment, when water recedes, I continue my welding works as usual.

It is just needed to organise my daily works matching with the floating-water rising schedule.

Q: Is there any changes in the number of customers during flooding days?

Q13: No, there is no change. That’s why I just have to organise my works following water rising schedule to quickly repair customers’ boat engines before getting inundation.

The floating-water season is so funny.

The floating water takes one or two hours to reach a peak level. My nephews and I have to race against flooded water to complete our works, so funny. The wavering water is great fun.

The extract 07.1 shows a short dialogue between the researcher and a female participant while talking about the flooded water regime. The participant firstly focussed on her own experience of the flood schedule, however, she suddenly turned her talk to her issues in flood situation. A series of utterances was used to expose her feeling including hard, extremely hard, very hard, and deadly sad which showed a stronger negative emotion in comparison with M13’s utterances.

Extract 07.1. Interview 29 Aug 13.

Q: Thường chu kì nước lên như thế nào ạ?

F07: Là cỡ rằm 16-17, có khi nó ngập tới 20 âm lịch luôn, vậy đó. Rồi còn 30 nó ngập cho tới mùng 6, mùng 7,

Q: Could you describe to me theflooding cycle?

F07: The water level routinely rises from the 16^th, 17^th, and maintains a high level untilthe 20^th of the lunar

mùng 8 nước nó mới dựt. Mình chịu next lunar month. I have to suffer the submergence in a whole week which can cause the skin disease to my legs.

My nonstop task during flooding time is to sweep flooded water out of my house. I also have to clean the mud to avoid getting slip on the floor. It is extremely hard.

Q: Did you really do nonstop swept?

F07: I have to sweep persistently. If not, mud will be stuck inside the house, so dirty. Then I have to flush, clean, and sweep, then mop two times per day in the morning and afternoon.

I have had to work very hard every year. I sometimes have to sweep until 8-9pm, and clean, and then go sleeping. The cycle of water is not stable; it gradually changes day by day. For example, today the receding time is 7am, tomorrow it will be 8am, and the day after tomorrow it will be 9am. That’s why it is very hard in the floating-water season, I feel deadly sad.

The table 4-7 summarises the utterances by 27 local participants to express their feeling about the flooding (see appendix A). Based on the meanings of the utterances, the potential flood-related stress of local residents was categorised to point to perceived vulnerabilities of local residents. Different levels of flood-related stress are also used to describe different conceptions of flooding and ‘living with flooding’ as lived space in the Cai Rang waterfront communities.

Table 4-7: Utterances expressing flood-related feeling of 27 participants.

Identifi

-cation Utterances in Vietnamese Utterances in English

F01 bình thường à, không có sợ gì hết trơn It’s normal; it’s nothing to be scared of F03 sợ lắm, sợ chứ; khó khăn lắm. Cũng bình

thường à, hết sợ rồi

It’s scary. It’s ok, I'm not scared anymore tough, so sad, deadly sad, very distressing,

F22 cực lắm, sợ dữ lắm. extremely hard, extremely scary