Metodolog´ıa de Crawley

When you hear tame, it usually means "for the purpose of; in order to," and is often followed by the optional ni. Take a look at these:

• Hiroko wa mensetsu o ukeru tame ni Osaka ni ikimasu. (Hiroko's going to Osaka for an interview.)

• Nyuujouken o kau tame ni daibun machimashita. (I had to wait quite a while to buy tickets.)

• Nihongo o benkyou suru tame ni atarashii jisho o kaimashita. (I bought a new dictionary to study Japanese.)

Tame is a very handy word, and can also be used in various expressions with nouns. Here are some popular ones:

• Kimi no tame ni shimashita yo! (I did it for you! [very familiar])

• Kore wa kimi no tame ni. (This is for you. [plain, very familiar]) • Kore wa okaa-san no tame desu. 1 _{(This is for you, Mom.)}

• Hai, Hawaii ni iku tame no koukuuken desu. 2 _{(Okay, here are your air tickets to}

Hawaii.)

• Kore wa nan no tame no kaigi? (What is the purpose of this meeting?) • Nan no tame no dougu? (What's this tool for? [very plain])

Tame is used a lot. Good luck with it! Word Check

mensetsu: an interview

ukeru: to get, receive; have (an interview); take (an exam) nyuujouken: an addmission ticket

daibun: quite (a lot; a while) koukuuken: an air ticket nan/nani: what

kaigi: a meeting dougu: a tool

(Verbs are shown in their plain form.)

Notes

1. Ni is always omitted when the polite ending desu is used after tame.

2. Use no when putting a noun/object after tame. That indicates the thing which has the purpose of something intended. In this example, it points to the tickets which will be used to go to Hawaii.

Base 3 + to

There are four basic uses for to. (Remember, that's pronounced "toh.") It can mean and, with, when, or if. After a plain (Base 3) verb it is roughly the same as when or if, or even both:

• Massugu iku to Ritsurin Kouen ga miemasu. (If you go straight you'll see Ritsurin Park.)

• Natsu ni naru to kodomotachi wa umi ni ikitakunarimasu. (When summer comes the kids want to go to the beach.)

• Watashi wa soba o taberu to byouki ni naru. (I get sick whenever I eat buckwheat noodles.)

For the curious, here are sample sentences with to as and and with:

• Kimiko to Bob wa tanjou paateii ni kimashita. (Kimiko and Bob came to the birthday party.)

• Kimiko wa Bob to kimashita. (Kimiko came with Bob.) Word Check

massugu: straight

mieru: to be able to see (something) natsu: summer

naru: to become (something); to turn into (something) kodomotachi: children

umi: the sea; the beach 1

ikitakunaru: to begin to feel like going (somewhere) 2

tanjou paateii: birthday party 3 (Verbs are shown in their plain form.)

Notes

1. Literally, umi is "the sea." There is a Japanese word for beach (sunahama), but it is not generally used. When referring to "the beach" in Japanese, use umi.

2. Ikitakunaru belongs to the branch of Base 2 + tai/taku (to want) endings which were covered in Lesson 8. Although not specifically covered, takunaru puts tai and naru together, meaning "become to want; begin to want." Iki (Base 2 of iku, to go) + taku (tai, to want to do, with the ku connector) + naru (to become) = ikitakunaru, or "to become to want to go." It's as simple as that.

Lesson 45

Base 3 + to omoimasu

For better or worse, Japan is a country where being reserved is a good thing. It's okay to have an opinion, but speaking as if you're dead sure about something is looked down on, especially in the workplace. When promoting your own ideas or opinions, using to

omoimasu after plain verbs is one of the most socially acceptable, and expected,

things you can do. It means simply "I think," and shows that you admit that what you are talking about isn't a fact (even though it might be).

Now that it has been explained, I think it can be applied very easily:

• Bob wa goji ni kaeru to omoimasu. (I think Bob will come back at five o'clock.) • Eiko wa eigo o hanasu koto ga dekiru to omoimasu. (I think Eiko can speak

English.)

• Koji wa okureru to omoimasu. (I think Koji will be late.)

• Sasaki-san wa mou sugu kochira ni denwa suru to omou. (I think Ms. Sasaki will call us soon.)

• Ashita wa ame ga furu to omou. (I think it'll rain tomorrow.)

As you can see from the last examples, omou can be used for plain speech,

omoimasu being simply its Base 2 form with polite masu added. Accordingly, the other

Base 2 endings also apply:

• Eiko wa eigo o hanasu koto ga dekiru to omoimasen. (I don't think Eiko can speak English.)

• Koji wa okureru to omoimasen deshita. (I didn't think that Koji would be late.) • Kyou ame ga furu to omoimashita. (I thought it would rain today [and it did.]) In a way, this ending is a lot like deshou, which was covered in Lesson 18. The major difference is that deshou is usually used to show that you don't really know, don't really care, or don't really have any control over something, while to omoimasu shows that you do know (to a certain degree), care, or have some control. In the workplace you would always want to use to omoimasu concerning things you are responsible for because deshou would sound irresponsible.

To omoimasu can be used after some conjugated verbs, like:

• Kyou wa, densha de iku hou ga ii to omou. (I think it would be better to go by train today.)

omoimasu even when they know.

Word Check omou: to think

goji: five o'clock (go [five] + ji [hour])

kaeru: to return (intransitive verb); to go back; to return home eigo: the English language

hanasu: to speak okureru: to be late mou sugu: soon

Lesson 46